In the Lands of the Romanovs: An Annotated Bibliography of First-hand English-language Accounts of the Russian Empire (1613-1917)

When I was asked to review Anthony Cross's In the Lands of the Romanovs I was not initially enthusiastic: a bibliography is a list of books, author, title, year of publication, brief annotation. But as soon as I began to examine the book of the British historian, a leading specialist on Russia's relations with the West, I understood that this was a veritable treasure chest, not only for every one interested in history but for anyone who is not indifferent to Russia's image outside its boundaries.
—Alexander Anichkin, Kommersant/Ogoniok, 3 (23 January 2017): 26
It is hard to believe that anyone has ever known more about relations between Britain and Russia than Anthony Cross and impossible to imagine that his expertise will be surpassed in the foreseeable future. [This bibliography] will not only remain the indispensable starting-point for novices in years to come, but is also guaranteed to pay immediate dividends even to those with established interests in the subject. Surely everyone will discover something new to them here. [...] For it is an especially attractive feature of In the Lands of the Romanovs that readers are encouraged ‘to help develop this collaborative edition by adding new entries and creating links to existing resources’ (p. vi). Those who wish to do so may access the online version identified above. [...] This outstandingly useful book belongs on the shelf of all those interested in Anglo-Russian relations and in the Russian experiences of other foreign visitors and residents.
—Simon Dixon, Slavonic and East European Review, 94/2 (April 2016): 352-54.
A major addition to the scholarship on Anglo-Russian and American-Russian historical and cultural contacts, In the Lands of the Romanovs is available in two different formats: as a paperback book and as a free publication on the publisher’s website. A free, socially enhanced version of this book is also available on Wikiversity, a Wikimedia Foundation project devoted to educational resources. This innovative publishing practice will make it even more easily available to the Russian audience and to the student audience alike.
—Rodolphe Baudin, Вивлiоѳика: E-Journal of Eighteenth-Century Russian Studies, 3 (2015): 107-08
This is no mere booklist but an exercise in critical bibliography, detailed and interesting to read as a text: each entry is accompanied by information on the author and Professor Cross’s reflections on the book in hand. It is a work of considerable research on Cross’s part and he should be commended for digging out the biographical details of some very obscure men and women. Practically, all the entries depend upon 'first-hand’ knowledge – in historians’ parlance, they are primary sources. [...] Only a specialist with the greatest expertise (not me) could find omissions or mistakes in this book. But I find it hard to believe that much has escaped the painstaking scrutiny of Professor Cross.
—John George Kendall, Reference Reviews, 29/3 (2015): 52-53, http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/RR-11-2014-0312
In the Lands of the Romanovs is remarkable not only for its thoroughness, but also for its innovation and accessibility. [...] an invaluable database that should become a model for other scholars to emulate and develop.
—Sarah Young, Times Literary Supplement (24 October 2014): 30-31
The author of this amazing annotated bibliography is Professor Anthony Cross, formerly Professor of Slavonic Studies at the University of Cambridge. He has dedicated most of his professional career to Anglo-Russian cultural relations and has published over twenty-five books on the subject, written or edited by him.He is the undisputed doyen of students of British-Russian relations and he has an unparalleled knowledge of travel accounts left by British merchants, explorers and others to Muscovy, Russia and beyond – many saw Rus’ as a stepping stone to Persia, India and China. For anyone interested in accounts left by intrepid voyagers who ventured east, this new volume must be akin to a bible, being the culmination of decades of painstaking research.
—David Holohan, East-West Review (Spring 2014): 22-23
This is a real treasure trove for anyone who is interested in comparative studies, history of relations between Russia and the West and simply for those who get excited talking about the image of Russia beyond her borders.
Authoritative and well-annotated, it provides a huge body of accessible sources for teachers and students to mine.
—Prof. John Randolph, Russian History Blog
Over the course of more than three centuries of Romanov rule in Russia, foreign visitors and residents produced a vast corpus of literature conveying their experiences and impressions of the country. The product of years of painstaking research by one of the world’s foremost authorities on Anglo-Russian relations, In the Lands of the Romanovs is the realization of a major bibliographical project that records the details of over 1200 English-language accounts of the Russian Empire.
Ranging chronologically from the accession of Mikhail Fedorovich in 1613 to the abdication of Nicholas II in 1917, this is the most comprehensive bibliography of first-hand accounts of Russia ever to be published. Far more than an inventory of accounts by travellers and tourists, Anthony Cross’s ambitious and wide-ranging work includes personal records of residence in or visits to Russia by writers ranging from diplomats to merchants, physicians to clergymen, gardeners to governesses, as well as by participants in the French invasion of 1812 and in the Crimean War of 1854-56.
Providing full bibliographical details and concise, informative annotation for each entry, this substantial bibliography will be an invaluable tool for anyone with an interest in contacts between Russia and the West during the centuries of Romanov rule.
Cambridge University Library has generously contributed towards the publication of this volume.
A free, socially enhanced version of this book is available on Wikiversity, a Wikimedia Foundation project devoted to educational resources. You can access it at:
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/In_the_Lands_of_the_Romanovs:_An_Annotated_Bibliography_of_First-hand_English-language_Accounts_of_the_Russian_Empire_(1613-1917)
Cambridge University Library has generously contributed towards the publication of this volume.
A free, socially enhanced version of this book is available on Wikiversity, a Wikimedia Foundation project devoted to educational resources. You can access it at:
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/In_the_Lands_of_the_Romanovs:_An_Annotated_Bibliography_of_First-hand_English-language_Accounts_of_the_Russian_Empire_(1613-1917)
In the Lands of the Romanovs: An Annotated Bibliography of First-hand English-language Accounts of the Russian Empire (1613 – 1917)
Anthony Cross | April 2015
xvi + 432 | 45 illustrations | 6.14" x 9.21" (234 x 156 mm)
ISBN Paperback: 9781783740574
ISBN Hardback: 9781783740581
ISBN Digital (PDF): 9781783740598
ISBN Digital ebook (epub): 9781783740604
ISBN Digital ebook (mobi): 9781783740611
DOI: 10.11647/OBP.0042
BIC subject codes: WTL (Travel writing), GBCR (Bibliographies, catalogues), IDVUA (Russia); BISAC subject codes: REF004000 (REFERENCE / Bibliographies & Indexes), HIS054000 (HISTORY / Social History); OCLC Number: 1057426565.
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List of Illustrations
Preface
Introduction
1. Reigns of the First Romanovs: Mikhail Fedorovich (1613-1645), Aleksei Mikhailovich (1645-1676), and Fedor Alekseevich (1676-1682)
2. Reigns of Peter I (1682-1725), including joint reign with Ivan V (1682-1696) and regency of Sophia (1686-1689), and Catherine I (1725-1727)
3. Reigns of Peter II (1727-1730), Anna Ivanovna (1730-1740), Ivan VI (1740-1741), and Elizabeth (1741-1762)
4. Reigns of Peter III (1762) and Catherine II (1762-1796)
5. Reign of Paul I (1796-1801)
6. Reign of Alexander I (1801-1825)
7. Reign of Nicholas I (1825-1855)
8. The Crimean War (28 March 1854-27 April 1856)
9. Reign of Alexander II (1855-1881)
10. Reign of Alexander III (1881-1894)
11. Reign of Nicholas II (1894-1917)
Bibliography of Bibliographies
Index of Authors
© 2014 Anthony Cross

The text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy,distribute and transmit the text; to adapt it and to make commercial use of it providing that attribution is made to the author (but not in any way that suggests that he endorses you or your use of the work). Attribution should include the following information:
Anthony Cross, In the Land of the Romanovs: An Annotated Bibliography of First-hand English-language Accounts of the Russian Empire (1613-1917). Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2014, https://doi.org/10.11647/ OBP.0042
Please see the list of illustrations below for attribution relating to individual images. Every effort has been made to identify and contact copyright holders and any omissions or errors will be corrected if notification is made to the publisher. As for the rights of the images from Wikimedia Commons, please refer to the Wikimedia website (for each image, the link to the relevant page can be found in the list of illustrations).
Further details about CC BY licenses are available at: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
1 Portrait of Aleksei Mikhailovich, in Samuel Collins, The Present State of Russia (London: J. Winter for D. Newman, 1671). Wellcome Trust, London: http://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/obf_images/52/6c/5505fbbb60e719803d9da656fffc.jpg
2 Peter I in Russian dress during the Grand Embassy (n.d.), artist unknown. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_I_in_russian_dress_during_Grand_Embassy.jpg
3 Portrait of William Tooke (1820), engraving by Joseph Collyer the Younger, after Martin Archer Shee. National Portrait Gallery, London. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:William_Tooke.jpg
4 Portrait of Claire Clairmont (1819) by Amelia Curran. Oil on canvas. Reproduced in Robert Gittings and Jo Manton, Claire Clairmont and the Shelleys (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992). Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Claire_Clairmont,_by_Amelia_Curran.jpg
5 St Petersburg, Senate Square, 14 December, 1825 (1825-26), by Karl Kolman. Reproduced in Literaturnye mesta Rossii (Moskva: Sovetskaia Rossiia, 1987). Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Peterburg,_Senate_Square,_1825,_dec._14.jpg
6 Portrait of Elizabeth, Countess of Craven, later Margravine of Anspach (1778), by George Romney. Oil on canvas. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ElizabethCraven.jpg
7 Count Francesco Algarotti (1745), by Jean-Étienne Liotard. Pastel on parchment. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jean-%C3%89tienne_Liotard_-_Portret_van_Graaf_Francesco_Algarotti.jpg
8 John Henniker-Major, 2nd Baron Henniker (1780s-90s), by Henry Hudson, after George Romney. Mezzotint. National Portrait Gallery, London. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2ndLordHenniker.jpg
9 William Coxe, Russian edition of his Travels into Poland, Russia, Sweden and Denmark (Moscow: I. Smirnov, 1837). Wikimedia Commons: http://bit.ly/1kJGgwN
10a Title page of the 1799 German edition of Peter Simon Pallas, Bemerkungen auf einer Reise in die südlichen Statthalterschaften des Russischen Reichs in den Jahren 1793 und 1794 (Leipzig: Gottfried Martini, 1799). Stadtgeschichtliches Museum, Leipzig. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Travels_through_the_southern_Provinces_of_the_Russian_Empiredeutsch.jpg
10b Title page of the 1812 English edition of Peter Simon Pallas, Travels through the southern Provinces of the Russian Empire, in the years 1793 and 1794 (London: John Stockdale, 1812). Stadtgeschichtliches Museum, Leipzig. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Travels_through_the_southern_Provinces_of_the_Russian_Empire-english.jpg
11 A map of Kamtschatka engraved from the russian map by Tho. Jefferys, in Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov: The history of Kamtschatka and the Kurilski Islands with the countries adjacent; Illustrated with maps and cuts. Published at Petersbourg in the Russian language by order of her Imperial Majesty and translated into English by James Grieve (Glocester:printed by R. Raikes for T. Jefferys, 1764). Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_map_of_Kamtschatka_engraved_from_the_russian_map_by_Tho_Jefferys.jpg
12 Edmund Spencer, Travels in Circassia, Krim-tartary, &c: including a steam voyage down the Danube, from Vienna to Constantinople, and round the Black Sea (London: H. Colburn, 1839). Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Circassian._Travels_in_Circassia,_Krim-tartary,_%26c.jpg
13 British bombardment of the fortress Bomarsund (Aland Islands) during the Crimean war (1854), artist unknown. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bombardment_of_Bomarsund.jpg
14 Only known photograph of Mary Seacole (1805-1881), taken c.1873 by Maull & Company in London, photographer unknown. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Seacole_photo.jpg
15 Sketch of Mary Seacole’s "British Hotel” in the Crimea (n.d.), by Lady Alicia Blackwood. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blackwood_Seacole_sketch.png
16 William Simpson photographed by Roger Fenton on Cathcart Hill before Sevastopol, Crimea, 1855. Adrian Lipscomb collection. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:William_Simpson_in_the_Crimea.jpg
17 Balaklava harbour (Crimea) [1855], photograph by Roger Fenton. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cossack_bay.Balaklava_1855.3a06075r.jpg
18 Portrait of Donald Mackenzie Wallace (no later than 1905), photographer unknown. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Donald_Mackenzie_Wallace.jpg
19a‑b Title page and photograph of a first edition of Florence Crauford Grove, The Frosty Caucasus (1875). Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Frosty_Caucasus,_front_page.jpg and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Frosty_Caucasus_%281875%29.jpg
20 "The Great Game: the Afghan Emir Sher Ali Khan with his ‘friends’ Russia and Great Britain” (30 November, 1878), cartoon by Sir John Tenniel. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Game_cartoon_from_1878.jpg
21 Portrait of Moses Montefiore (n.d.), artist unknown. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Moses_Montefiore.jpg
22 Tolstoi organising famine relief in Samara (1891), photographer unknown. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tolstoy_organising_famine_relief_in_Samara,_1891.jpg
23 Thomas Stevens on his penny-farthing bicycle. Image from his Around the world on a bicycle (London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington, 1887). Cornell University Library. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Stevens_bicycle.jpg
24 Harry de Windt (no image credit). Photograph published in his From Paris to New York by land (Thomas Nelson & Sons: London, Edinburgh, Dublin and New York, 1903). Projects Gutenberg: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/26007/26007-h/26007-h.htm. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Harry_de_Windt.jpg
25 The Governor-General of India George Curzon with his wife Mary in Delhi (29 December 1902), photographer unknown. Published in Joachim K. Bautze, Das koloniale Indien. Photographien von 1855 bis 1910 (Köln: Fackelträger Verlag, 2007), p. 211. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:George_Curzon_and_Mary_Curzon_on_the_elephant_Lakshman_Prasad_1902-12-29_in_Delhi.jpg
26 Portrait of Mandell Creighton (1902) by Hubert von Herkomer. Oil on canvas. National Portrait Gallery, London. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mandell_Creighton_by_Sir_Hubert_von_Herkomer.jpg
27 A Christmas dinner on the heights before Sevastopol (Capt Burnaby is the fifth figure from the left), by J.A. Vinter. Tinted lithograph. Published in The Seat of War in the East (London: Paul & Dominic Colnaghi & Co., 13 & 14 Pall Mall East; Paris: Goupil & Cie, 1855). Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_Christmas_dinner_on_the_heights_before_Sebastopol.jpg
28 Pen portrait of Stephen Graham, by Vernon Hill. Published in Stephen Graham, Changing Russia (London: John Lane, 1913), frontispiece.
29 Mikhail Fedorovich, first tsar of the house of Romanov (n.d.), artist unknown. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Michael_titularnik.jpg
30 Aleksei Mikhailovich (n.d.), artist unknown. Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alexis_I_of_Russia.jpg
31 Fedor Alekseevich (1685), by Ivan Saltanov, Erofei Elin and Luka Smolianov. The Moscow Kremlin. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Feodor_III_by_Ivan_Saltanov_-_detail.JPG
32 Peter the Great (1698), by Godfrey Kneller. Oil on canvas. Royal Collection. Wikimedia Commons: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Peter_I_by_Kneller.jpg
33 Catherine I (1717), by Jean-Marc Nattier. Oil on canvas. Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Catherine_I_of_Russia_by_Nattier.jpg
34 Peter II of Russia (circa 1730), by Ioann Vedekind. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_II_of_Russia_by_Vedekind.jpg
35 Anna Ivanovna (circa 1730), artist unknown. Moscow State Historical Museum. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anna_of_Russia_by_anonymous_%281730s,_GIM%29.jpg
36 Empress Elizabeth (n.d.), by Ivan Argunov. Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ivan_Argunov_02.jpeg
37 Great Duke Peter Fedorovich, later Peter III (1758), by Fedor Rokotov. Oil on canvas. Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_III_of_Russia_by_Rokotov.jpg
38 Catherine II the Legislatress in the Temple of the Goddess of Justice (1783), by Dmitrii Levitskii. Oil on canvas. Russian Museum, St Petersburg. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dmitry_Levitsky_-_Portrait_of_Catherine_II_the_Legislatress_in_the_Temple_of_the_Goddess_of_Justice_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg
39 Paul I, Emperor of Russia (n.d.), by Vladimir Borovikovskii. Oil on canvas. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Borovikovsky_Pavel_I.jpg?uselang=en-gb
40 Alexander I (c.1814/1815), by François de Gérard. Reproduced in Matti Klinge (ed.), Helsingin yliopisto 1640–1990: Keisarillinen Aleksanterin yliopisto 1808–1917 (Helsinki: Otava, 1989), p. 15. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_I_by_Gerard.jpg
41 Nicholas I (1856), by Vladimir Dmitrievich Sverchkov. Oil on canvas. Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Au_service_des_Tsars_-_Nicolas_1er_-_01.jpg
42 Charge of the Light Cavalry Brigade, 25th Oct. 1854, under Major General the Earl of Cardigan, print by William Simpson (1 March 1855). Published by Goupil & Cie, Paris, and Day & Son, London. The Library of Congress. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:William_Simpson_-_Charge_of_the_light_cavalry_brigade,_25th_Oct._1854,_under_Major_General_the_Earl_of_Cardigan.png
43 Alexander II (n.d.), photographer unknown. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_II_of_Russia_photo.jpg
44 Alexander III (n.d.), photograph by Félix Nadar. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_III._Czar_Of_Russia_Nadar.jpg
45 Nicholas II (1898), photograph by A.A. Pasetti. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tsar_Nicholas_II_-1898.jpg
2 Peter I in Russian dress during the Grand Embassy (n.d.), artist unknown. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_I_in_russian_dress_during_Grand_Embassy.jpg
3 Portrait of William Tooke (1820), engraving by Joseph Collyer the Younger, after Martin Archer Shee. National Portrait Gallery, London. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:William_Tooke.jpg
4 Portrait of Claire Clairmont (1819) by Amelia Curran. Oil on canvas. Reproduced in Robert Gittings and Jo Manton, Claire Clairmont and the Shelleys (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992). Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Claire_Clairmont,_by_Amelia_Curran.jpg
5 St Petersburg, Senate Square, 14 December, 1825 (1825-26), by Karl Kolman. Reproduced in Literaturnye mesta Rossii (Moskva: Sovetskaia Rossiia, 1987). Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Peterburg,_Senate_Square,_1825,_dec._14.jpg
6 Portrait of Elizabeth, Countess of Craven, later Margravine of Anspach (1778), by George Romney. Oil on canvas. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ElizabethCraven.jpg
7 Count Francesco Algarotti (1745), by Jean-Étienne Liotard. Pastel on parchment. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jean-%C3%89tienne_Liotard_-_Portret_van_Graaf_Francesco_Algarotti.jpg
8 John Henniker-Major, 2nd Baron Henniker (1780s-90s), by Henry Hudson, after George Romney. Mezzotint. National Portrait Gallery, London. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2ndLordHenniker.jpg
9 William Coxe, Russian edition of his Travels into Poland, Russia, Sweden and Denmark (Moscow: I. Smirnov, 1837). Wikimedia Commons: http://bit.ly/1kJGgwN
10a Title page of the 1799 German edition of Peter Simon Pallas, Bemerkungen auf einer Reise in die südlichen Statthalterschaften des Russischen Reichs in den Jahren 1793 und 1794 (Leipzig: Gottfried Martini, 1799). Stadtgeschichtliches Museum, Leipzig. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Travels_through_the_southern_Provinces_of_the_Russian_Empiredeutsch.jpg
10b Title page of the 1812 English edition of Peter Simon Pallas, Travels through the southern Provinces of the Russian Empire, in the years 1793 and 1794 (London: John Stockdale, 1812). Stadtgeschichtliches Museum, Leipzig. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Travels_through_the_southern_Provinces_of_the_Russian_Empire-english.jpg
11 A map of Kamtschatka engraved from the russian map by Tho. Jefferys, in Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov: The history of Kamtschatka and the Kurilski Islands with the countries adjacent; Illustrated with maps and cuts. Published at Petersbourg in the Russian language by order of her Imperial Majesty and translated into English by James Grieve (Glocester:printed by R. Raikes for T. Jefferys, 1764). Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_map_of_Kamtschatka_engraved_from_the_russian_map_by_Tho_Jefferys.jpg
12 Edmund Spencer, Travels in Circassia, Krim-tartary, &c: including a steam voyage down the Danube, from Vienna to Constantinople, and round the Black Sea (London: H. Colburn, 1839). Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Circassian._Travels_in_Circassia,_Krim-tartary,_%26c.jpg
13 British bombardment of the fortress Bomarsund (Aland Islands) during the Crimean war (1854), artist unknown. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bombardment_of_Bomarsund.jpg
14 Only known photograph of Mary Seacole (1805-1881), taken c.1873 by Maull & Company in London, photographer unknown. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Seacole_photo.jpg
15 Sketch of Mary Seacole’s "British Hotel” in the Crimea (n.d.), by Lady Alicia Blackwood. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blackwood_Seacole_sketch.png
16 William Simpson photographed by Roger Fenton on Cathcart Hill before Sevastopol, Crimea, 1855. Adrian Lipscomb collection. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:William_Simpson_in_the_Crimea.jpg
17 Balaklava harbour (Crimea) [1855], photograph by Roger Fenton. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cossack_bay.Balaklava_1855.3a06075r.jpg
18 Portrait of Donald Mackenzie Wallace (no later than 1905), photographer unknown. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Donald_Mackenzie_Wallace.jpg
19a‑b Title page and photograph of a first edition of Florence Crauford Grove, The Frosty Caucasus (1875). Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Frosty_Caucasus,_front_page.jpg and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Frosty_Caucasus_%281875%29.jpg
20 "The Great Game: the Afghan Emir Sher Ali Khan with his ‘friends’ Russia and Great Britain” (30 November, 1878), cartoon by Sir John Tenniel. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Game_cartoon_from_1878.jpg
21 Portrait of Moses Montefiore (n.d.), artist unknown. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Moses_Montefiore.jpg
22 Tolstoi organising famine relief in Samara (1891), photographer unknown. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tolstoy_organising_famine_relief_in_Samara,_1891.jpg
23 Thomas Stevens on his penny-farthing bicycle. Image from his Around the world on a bicycle (London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington, 1887). Cornell University Library. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Stevens_bicycle.jpg
24 Harry de Windt (no image credit). Photograph published in his From Paris to New York by land (Thomas Nelson & Sons: London, Edinburgh, Dublin and New York, 1903). Projects Gutenberg: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/26007/26007-h/26007-h.htm. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Harry_de_Windt.jpg
25 The Governor-General of India George Curzon with his wife Mary in Delhi (29 December 1902), photographer unknown. Published in Joachim K. Bautze, Das koloniale Indien. Photographien von 1855 bis 1910 (Köln: Fackelträger Verlag, 2007), p. 211. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:George_Curzon_and_Mary_Curzon_on_the_elephant_Lakshman_Prasad_1902-12-29_in_Delhi.jpg
26 Portrait of Mandell Creighton (1902) by Hubert von Herkomer. Oil on canvas. National Portrait Gallery, London. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mandell_Creighton_by_Sir_Hubert_von_Herkomer.jpg
27 A Christmas dinner on the heights before Sevastopol (Capt Burnaby is the fifth figure from the left), by J.A. Vinter. Tinted lithograph. Published in The Seat of War in the East (London: Paul & Dominic Colnaghi & Co., 13 & 14 Pall Mall East; Paris: Goupil & Cie, 1855). Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_Christmas_dinner_on_the_heights_before_Sebastopol.jpg
28 Pen portrait of Stephen Graham, by Vernon Hill. Published in Stephen Graham, Changing Russia (London: John Lane, 1913), frontispiece.
29 Mikhail Fedorovich, first tsar of the house of Romanov (n.d.), artist unknown. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Michael_titularnik.jpg
30 Aleksei Mikhailovich (n.d.), artist unknown. Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alexis_I_of_Russia.jpg
31 Fedor Alekseevich (1685), by Ivan Saltanov, Erofei Elin and Luka Smolianov. The Moscow Kremlin. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Feodor_III_by_Ivan_Saltanov_-_detail.JPG
32 Peter the Great (1698), by Godfrey Kneller. Oil on canvas. Royal Collection. Wikimedia Commons: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Peter_I_by_Kneller.jpg
33 Catherine I (1717), by Jean-Marc Nattier. Oil on canvas. Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Catherine_I_of_Russia_by_Nattier.jpg
34 Peter II of Russia (circa 1730), by Ioann Vedekind. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_II_of_Russia_by_Vedekind.jpg
35 Anna Ivanovna (circa 1730), artist unknown. Moscow State Historical Museum. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anna_of_Russia_by_anonymous_%281730s,_GIM%29.jpg
36 Empress Elizabeth (n.d.), by Ivan Argunov. Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ivan_Argunov_02.jpeg
37 Great Duke Peter Fedorovich, later Peter III (1758), by Fedor Rokotov. Oil on canvas. Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_III_of_Russia_by_Rokotov.jpg
38 Catherine II the Legislatress in the Temple of the Goddess of Justice (1783), by Dmitrii Levitskii. Oil on canvas. Russian Museum, St Petersburg. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dmitry_Levitsky_-_Portrait_of_Catherine_II_the_Legislatress_in_the_Temple_of_the_Goddess_of_Justice_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg
39 Paul I, Emperor of Russia (n.d.), by Vladimir Borovikovskii. Oil on canvas. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Borovikovsky_Pavel_I.jpg?uselang=en-gb
40 Alexander I (c.1814/1815), by François de Gérard. Reproduced in Matti Klinge (ed.), Helsingin yliopisto 1640–1990: Keisarillinen Aleksanterin yliopisto 1808–1917 (Helsinki: Otava, 1989), p. 15. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_I_by_Gerard.jpg
41 Nicholas I (1856), by Vladimir Dmitrievich Sverchkov. Oil on canvas. Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Au_service_des_Tsars_-_Nicolas_1er_-_01.jpg
42 Charge of the Light Cavalry Brigade, 25th Oct. 1854, under Major General the Earl of Cardigan, print by William Simpson (1 March 1855). Published by Goupil & Cie, Paris, and Day & Son, London. The Library of Congress. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:William_Simpson_-_Charge_of_the_light_cavalry_brigade,_25th_Oct._1854,_under_Major_General_the_Earl_of_Cardigan.png
43 Alexander II (n.d.), photographer unknown. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_II_of_Russia_photo.jpg
44 Alexander III (n.d.), photograph by Félix Nadar. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_III._Czar_Of_Russia_Nadar.jpg
45 Nicholas II (1898), photograph by A.A. Pasetti. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tsar_Nicholas_II_-1898.jpg
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