What Works in Conservation 2021

Introduction Download
William J. Sutherland, Lynn V. Dicks, Silviu O. Petrovan and Rebecca K. Smith

Who is What Works in Conservation for?

1. Amphibian Conservation Download
Rebecca K. Smith, Helen Meredith and William J. Sutherland

1.1 Threat: Residential and commercial development

1.2 Threat: Agriculture

1.3 Threat: Energy production and mining

1.4 Threat: Transportation and service corridors

1.5 Threat: Biological resource use

1.6 Threat: Human intrusions and disturbance

1.7 Threat: Natural system modifications

1.8 Threat: Invasive and other problematic species

1.9 Threat: Pollution

1.10 Threat: Climate change and severe weather

1.11 Habitat protection

1.12 Habitat restoration and creation

1.13 Species management

1.14 Education and awareness raising

2. Bat Conservation Download
Anna Berthinussen, Olivia C. Richardson and John D. Altringham

2.1 Threat: Residential and commercial development

2.2 Threat: Agriculture

2.3 Threat: Energy production

2.4 Threat: Transportation and service corridors

2.5 Threat: Biological resource use

2.6 Threat: Human intrusions and disturbance

2.7 Threat: Natural system modifications

2.8 Threat: Invasive or problematic species and disease

2.9 Threat: Pollution

2.10 Threat: Climate change and severe weather

2.11 Habitat protection

2.12 Habitat restoration and creation

2.13 Species management

2.14 Education and awareness raising

3. Bird Conservation Download
David R. Williams, Matthew F. Child, Lynn V. Dicks, Nancy Ockendon, Robert G. Pople, David A. Showler, Jessica C. Walsh, Erasmus K. H. J. zu Ermgassen and William J. Sutherland

3.1 Habitat protection

3.2 Education and awareness raising

3.3 Threat: Residential and commercial development

3.4 Threat: Agriculture

3.5 Threat: Energy production and mining

3.6 Threat: Transportation and service corridors

3.7 Threat: Biological resource use

3.8 Threat: Human intrusions and disturbance

3.9 Threat: Natural system modifications

3.10 Habitat restoration and creation

3.11 Threat: Invasive alien and other problematic species

3.12 Threat: Pollution

3.13 Threat: Climate change, extreme weather and geological events

3.14 General responses to small/declining populations

3.15 Captive breeding, rearing and releases (ex situ conservation)

4. Farmland Conservation Download
Lynn V. Dicks, Joscelyne E. Ashpole, Juliana Dänhardt, Katy James, Annelie Jönsson, Nicola Randall, David A. Showler, Rebecca K. Smith, Susan Turpie, David R. Williams and William J. Sutherland

4.1 All farming systems

4.2 Arable farming

4.3 Perennial (non-timber) crops

4.4 Livestock farming

4.5 Threat: Residential and commercial development

4.6 Threat: Agri-chemicals

4.7 Threat: Transport and service corridors

4.8 Threat: Hunting and trapping (for pest control, food or sport)

4.9 Threat: Natural system modification

4.10 Threat: Invasive and other problematic species

4.11 Threat: Education and awareness

5. Forest Conservation Download
Har’el Agra, Simon Schowanek, Yohay Carmel, Rebecca K. Smith and Gidi Ne’eman

5.1 Threat: Residential and commercial development

5.2 Threat: Agriculture

5.3 Threat: Transport and service corridors

5.4 Threat: Biological resource use

5.5 Habitat protection

5.6 Threat: Invasive and other problematic species

5.7 Threat: Pollution

5.8 Threat: Climate change and severe weather

5.9 Habitat protection

5.10 Habitat restoration and creation

5.11 Actions to improve survival and growth rate of planted trees

5.12 Education and awareness raising

6. Peatland Conservation Download
Nigel G. Taylor, Patrick Grillas and William J. Sutherland

6.1 Threat: Residential and commercial development

6.2 Threat: Agriculture and aquaculture

6.3 Threat: Energy production and mining

6.4 Threat: Transportation and service corridors

6.5 Threat: Biological resource use

6.6 Threat: Human intrusions and disturbance

6.7 Threat: Natural system modifications

6.8 Threat: Invasive and other problematic species

6.9 Threat: Pollution

6.10 Threat: Climate change and severe weather

6.11 Habitat creation and restoration

6.12 Actions to complement planting

6.13 Habitat protection

6.14 Education and awareness

7. Primate Conservation Download
Jessica Junker, Hjalmar S. Kühl, Lisa Orth, Rebecca K. Smith, Silviu O. Petrovan and William J. Sutherland

7.1 Threat: Residential and commercial development

7.2 Threat: Agriculture

7.3 Threat: Energy production and mining

7.4 Threat: Transportation and service corridors

7.5 Threat: Biological resource use

7.6 Threat: Human intrusions and disturbance

7.7 Threat: Natural system modifications

7.8 Threat: Invasive and other problematic species and genes

7.9 Threat: Pollution

7.10 Education and Awareness

7.11 Habitat protection

7.12 Species management

7.13 Livelihood; economic and other incentives

8. Shrubland and Heathland Conservation Download
Philip A. Martin, Ricardo Rocha, Rebecca K. Smith and William J. Sutherland

8.1 Threat: Residential and commercial development

8.2 Threat: Agriculture and aquaculture

8.3 Threat: Energy production and mining

8.4 Threat: Biological resource use

8.5 Threat: Transportation and service corridors

8.6 Threat: Human intrusions and disturbance

8.7 Threat: Natural system modifications

8.8 Threat: Invasive and other problematic species

8.9 Threat: Pollution

8.10 Threat: Climate change and severe weather

8.11 Threat: Habitat protection

8.12 Habitat restoration and creation

8.13 Actions to benefit introduced vegetation

8.14 Education and awareness

9. Management of Captive Animals Download
Coral S. Jonas, Lydia T. Timbrell, Fey Young, Silviu O. Petrovan, Andrew E. Bowkett and Rebecca K. Smith

9.1 Ex-situ conservation – breeding amphibians

9.2 Promoting health and welfare in captive carnivores (felids, canids and ursids) through feeding practices

9.3 Promoting natural feeding behaviours in primates in captivity

10. Some Aspects of Control of Freshwater Invasive Species Download
David Aldridge, Nancy Ockendon, Ricardo Rocha, Rebecca K. Smith and William J. Sutherland

10.1 Threat: Invasive plants

10.2 Threat: Invasive molluscs

10.3 Threat: Invasive crustaceans

10.4 Threat: Invasive fish

10.5 Threat: Invasive reptiles

10.6 Threat: Invasive amphibians

11. Some Aspects of Enhancing Natural Pest Control Download
Hugh L. Wright, Joscelyne E. Ashpole, Lynn V. Dicks, James Hutchison, Caitlin G. McCormack and William J. Sutherland

11.1 Reducing agricultural pollution

11.2 All farming systems

11.3 Arable farming

11.4 Perennial farming

11.5 Livestock farming and pasture

12. Enhancing Soil Fertility Download
Georgina Key, Mike Whitfield, Lynn V. Dicks, William J. Sutherland and Richard D. Bardgett

12.1 Reducing agricultural pollution

12.2 All farming systems

12.3 Arable farming

12.4 Livestock and pasture farming

13. Subtidal Benthic Invertebrate Conservation Download
Anaelle J. Lemasson, Laura R. Pettit, Rebecca K. Smith and William J. Sutherland

13.1 Threat: Energy production and mining

13.2 Threat: Transportation and service corridors

13.3 Threat: Biological resource use

13.4 Threat: Human intrusions and disturbances

13.5 Threat: Invasive and other problematic species, genes and diseases

13.6 Threat: Pollution

13.7 Threat: Climate change and severe weather

13.8 Habitat protection

13.9 Habitat restoration and creation

13.10 Species management

13.11 Education and awareness

14. Marine and Freshwater Mammal Conservation Download
Anna Berthinussen, Rebecca K. Smith and William J. Sutherland

14.1 Threat: Aquaculture and agriculture

14.2 Threat: Energy production and mining

14.3 Threat: Transportation and service corridors

14.4 Threat: Biological resource use

14.5 Threat: Human intrusions and disturbance

14.6 Threat: Natural system modifications

14.7 Threat: Invasive or problematic species and disease

14.8 Threat: Pollution

14.9 Threat: Climate change and severe weather

14.10 Habitat protection

14.11 Habitat restoration and creation

14.12 Species management

14.13 Education and awareness raising

15. Terrestrial Mammal Conservation Download
Nick Littlewood, Ricardo Rocha, Rebecca K. Smith, Philip Martin, Sarah Lockhart, Rebecca F. Schoonover, Elspeth Wilman, Andrew J. Bladon, Katie A. Sainsbury, Stuart Pimm and William J. Sutherland

15.1 Threat: Residential and commercial development

15.2 Threat: Agriculture and aquaculture

15.3 Threat: Energy production and mining

15.4 Threat: Transportation and service corridors

15.5 Threat: Biological resource use

15.6 Threat: Human intrusions and disturbance

15.7 Threat: Natural system modifications

15.8 Threat: Invasive alien and other problematic species

15.9 Threat: Pollution

15.10 Threat: Climate change and severe weather

15.11 Habitat protection

15.12 Habitat restoration and creation

15.13 Species management

15.14 Education and awareness raising