Forests and Food

Acknowledgements

Acronyms, Units and Symbols

1 Introduction: Forests, Trees and Landscapes for Food Security and Nutrition

Coordinating lead author: Bhaskar Vira

Lead authors: Bina Agarwal, Ramni Jamnadass, Daniela Kleinschmit, Stepha McMullin, Stephanie Mansourian, Henry Neufeldt, John A. Parrotta, Terry Sunderland and Christoph Wildburger

1.1 Problem Statement: Can Forests and Tree-based Systems Contribute to Food Security and Nutrition?

1.2 Prevailing Paradigms about Forests, Agriculture, Food Security and Nutrition

1.3 Policy Context and Scope

1.4 Structure of the Narrative

1.5 Forests and Tree-based Landscapes for Food Security and Nutrition: A Brief Preview

1.5.1 Direct and Indirect Contributions of Forests and Tree-based Systems to Food Security and Nutrition

1.5.2 Drivers Affecting the Relationship between Forest-tree Landscapes and Food

1.5.3 Trade-offs, Conflicts and Synergies in Land Use, and Responses

1.6 Evidence and Knowledge Gaps

References

Coordinating lead authors: Ramni Jamnadass and Stepha McMullin

Lead authors: Miyuki Iiyama and Ian K. Dawson

Contributing authors: Bronwen Powell, Celine Termote, Amy Ickowitz, Katja Kehlenbeck, Barbara Vinceti, Nathalie van Vliet, Gudrun Keding, Barbara Stadlmayr, Patrick Van Damme, Sammy Carsan, Terry Sunderland, Mary Njenga, Amos Gyau, Paolo Cerutti, Jolien Schure, Christophe Kouame, Beatrice Darko Obiri, Daniel Ofori, Bina Agarwal, Henry Neufeldt, Ann Degrande and Anca Serban

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Food Security and Nutrition

2.3 The Direct Roles of Forests and Tree-based Systems

2.3.1 Foods Provided by Forests and Tree-based Systems

2.3.2 Dietary Choices, Access to Resources and Behavioural Change

2.4 The Indirect Roles of Forests and Tree-based Systems

2.4.1 Income and other Livelihood Opportunities

2.4.2 Provision of Ecosystem Services

2.5 Conclusions

References

Coordinating lead author: John A. Parrotta

Lead authors: Jennie Dey de Pryck, Beatrice Darko Obiri, Christine Padoch, Bronwen Powell and Chris Sandbrook

Contributing authors: Bina Agarwal, Amy Ickowitz, Katy Jeary, Anca Serban, Terry Sunderland and Tran Nam Tu

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Forests and Tree-based Systems: An Overview

3.2.1 Historical Overview and the Role of Traditional Knowledge

3.2.2 Managed Forests, Woodlands and Parklands

3.2.3 Shifting Cultivation Systems

3.2.4 Agroforestry Systems

3.2.5 Single-species Tree Crop Production Systems

3.3 The Influence of Forest Landscape Configuration Management and Use on Food Security and Nutrition

3.3.1 Interactions between Landscape Components

3.3.2 The Influence of Landscape Use and Management of Forests and Tree-Based Systems on Nutrition

3.4 The Socio-economic Organisation of Forests and Tree-based Systems

3.4.1 Introduction

3.4.2 Land, Tree and Related Natural Resource Tenure

3.4.3 Gender, Rights to Land and Trees, and Food Security

3.4.4 Human Capital, Control and Decision-making in Forests and Tree-based Systems

3.4.5 Financial Capital and Credit: Using and Investing in Forests and Trees

3.5 Conclusions

References

Coordinating lead author: Daniela Kleinschmit

Lead authors: Bimbika Sijapati Basnett, Adrian Martin, Nitin D. Rai and Carsten Smith-Hall

Contributing authors: Neil M. Dawson, Gordon Hickey, Henry Neufeldt, Hemant R. Ojha and Solomon Zena Walelign

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Environmental Drivers

4.3 Social Drivers

4.4 Economic Drivers

4.5 Governance

4.6 Conclusions

References

Coordinating lead author: Terry Sunderland

Lead authors: Frédéric Baudron, Amy Ickowitz, Christine Padoch, Mirjam Ros-Tonen, Chris Sandbrook and Bhaskar Vira

Contributing authors: Josephine Chambers, Elizabeth Deakin, Samson Foli, Katy Jeary, John A. Parrotta, Bronwen Powell, James Reed, Sarah Ayeri Ogalleh, Henry Neufeldt and Anca Serban

5.1 Introduction

5.2 The Role of Landscape Configurations

5.2.1 Temporal Dynamics within Landscapes

5.2.2 Trade-offs and Choices at the Landscape Scale

5.3 Land Sparing and Land Sharing

5.4 Landscapes and Localised Food Systems

5.5 "Nutrition-sensitive” Landscapes

5.6 Landscape Governance

5.7 Conclusions

References

Coordinating lead author: Henry Neufeldt

Lead authors: Pablo Pacheco, Hemant R. Ojha, Sarah Ayeri Ogalleh, Jason Donovan and Lisa Fuchs

Contributing authors: Daniela Kleinschmit, Patti Kristjanson, Godwin Kowero, Vincent O. Oeba and Bronwen Powell

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Governance Responses to Enhance Linkages between Forests and Tree-based Systems and Food Security and Nutrition

6.2.1 Introduction

6.2.2 Reforms Related to Tenure and Resource Rights

6.2.3 Decentralisation and Community Participation in Forest Management

6.2.4 Regulating Markets

6.2.5 Catalysing Governance Reform

6.3 Private Sector-driven Initiatives for Enhancing Governance in Food Systems

6.3.1 Introduction

6.3.2 The Challenges of Sustainability and Inclusiveness in Food Supply

6.3.3 Global Initiatives to Support Sustainable Finance and Supply

6.3.4 Emerging Corporate Sustainability Initiatives

6.3.5 "Hybrid” Models for Sustainable and Inclusive Supply

6.4 Socio-cultural Response Options

6.4.1 Introduction

6.4.2 Changing Urban Demand

6.4.3 Behaviour Change and Education to Improve Dietary Choices

6.4.4 Reducing Inequalities and Promoting Gender-responsive Interventions and Policies

6.4.5 Social Mobilisation for Food Security

6.5 Conclusions

References

Coordinating lead author: Bhaskar Vira

Lead authors: Ramni Jamnadass, Daniela Kleinschmit, Stepha McMullin, Stephanie Mansourian, Henry Neufeldt, John A. Parrotta, Terry Sunderland and Christoph Wildburger

7.1 Forests and Trees Matter for Food Security and Nutrition

7.2 Governing Multi-functional Landscapes for Food Security and Nutrition

7.3 The Importance of Secure Tenure and Local Control

7.4 Reimagining Forests and Food Security

7.5 Knowledge Gaps

7.6 Looking Ahead: The Importance of Forest and Tree-based Systems for Food Security and Nutrition

Appendix 2: List of Panel Members, Authors and Reviewers