Forewords
|
vii
|
Acknowledgements
|
xv
|
Notes on Contributors
|
xix
|
|
|
1.
|
Introduction
|
1
|
|
Wanrudee Isaranuwatchai, Rachel A. Archer and Anthony J. Culyer
|
|
|
1.1
|
Non-Communicable Disease
|
1
|
|
1.2
|
Best, Wasted and Contestable Buys
|
5
|
|
1.3
|
Definitions and Central Ideas
|
6
|
|
Box 1.1 Definitions of Basic Terminology Used in Economic Evaluation
|
7
|
|
1.4
|
The Cost-Effectiveness Plane
|
8
|
|
1.5
|
The Story of This Book
|
12
|
|
1.6
|
The Project and Its Output
|
13
|
|
1.7
|
The Project Journey
|
13
|
|
1.8
|
Target Audience
|
15
|
|
|
2.
|
Non-Communicable Diseases, NCD Program Managers and the Politics of Progress
|
17
|
|
Sumithra Krishnamurthy Reddiar and Jesse B. Bump
|
|
|
2.1
|
Background
|
17
|
|
2.2
|
Methods for Interviews and Analysis
|
19
|
|
2.3
|
Institutions: NCD Managers, NCD Units and Ministries of Health
|
21
|
|
2.4
|
Interests: Stakeholders and Power
|
26
|
|
2.5
|
Ideas: Evidence, Knowledge and Values
|
28
|
|
2.6
|
Discussion
|
33
|
|
2.7
|
Limitations
|
38
|
|
2.8
|
Conclusions and Recommendations
|
38
|
|
|
3.
|
Framework for Implementing Best Buys and Avoiding Wasted Buys
|
41
|
|
Yot Teerawattananon, Alia Luz, Manushi Sharma and Waranya Rattanavipapong
|
|
|
3.1
|
Consideration One
|
42
|
|
3.2
|
Consideration Two
|
44
|
|
3.3
|
Consideration Three
|
45
|
|
3.4
|
Consideration Four
|
46
|
|
3.5
|
Consideration Five
|
47
|
|
3.6
|
The SEED Tool in Practice
|
48
|
|
|
4.
|
Best Buys
|
51
|
|
Tazeem Bhatia, Arisa Shichijo and Ryota Nakamura
|
|
|
4.1
|
Introduction
|
51
|
|
|
4.1.1
|
Background
|
51
|
|
|
4.1.2
|
What This Chapter Offers
|
54
|
|
4.2
|
Determining Important Contextual Factors in NCD Prevention
|
55
|
|
4.3
|
Policymaking Challenges and Cost-Effectiveness Data
|
60
|
|
|
Investigating Case Studies
|
61
|
|
|
Case Study 4.4.1 Cardiovascular screening in Sri Lanka
|
61
|
|
|
Case Study 4.4.2 Prevention and control of cervical cancer in Cambodia
|
63
|
|
|
Case Study 4.4.3 Sugar-Sweetened Beverage (SSB) taxes
|
64
|
|
4.5
|
Discussion
|
66
|
|
4.6
|
Conclusion
|
68
|
|
|
5.
|
Wasted Buys
|
71
|
|
Yot Teerawattananon, Manushi Sharma, Alia Luz, Waranya Rattanavipapong and Adam G. Elshaug
|
|
|
5.1
|
Introduction
|
71
|
|
|
5.1.1
|
What Are ‘Wasted Buys’?
|
72
|
|
|
5.1.2
|
The ‘Area of Uncertainty’
|
74
|
|
5.2
|
Exploring Wasted Buys in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs)
|
75
|
|
|
A. Cochrane Collaboration Database
|
75
|
|
|
B. The Global Health Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (GH CEA) Registry
|
76
|
|
|
C. Disease Control Priorities (DCP)
|
76
|
|
|
Case Study 5.2.1 Mass-media campaigns for prevention of NCDs
|
77
|
|
|
Case Study 5.2.2 Cost-effectiveness of medical primary prevention strategies to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Tanzania
|
79
|
|
|
Case Study 5.2.3 Diabetes screening in Thailand and Indonesia
|
80
|
|
|
Case Study 5.2.4 Drug testing in Bhutan
|
82
|
|
5.3
|
Common Features of Wasted Buys
|
84
|
|
|
5.3.1
|
The Fallacy that Prevention Interventions Are Always Best Buys
|
85
|
|
|
5.3.2
|
One Size Seldom Fits All in International Guidelines
|
85
|
|
|
5.3.3
|
Policy-Based Evidence Versus Evidence-Based Policy
|
86
|
|
|
5.3.4
|
Selective Implementation of Interventions
|
86
|
|
|
5.3.5
|
Low CE Threshold Used for Decision-Making
|
87
|
|
5.4
|
Recommendations
|
88
|
|
|
6.
|
Assessing the Transferability of Economic Evaluations: A Decision Framework
|
91
|
|
David D. Kim, Rachel L. Bacon and Peter J. Neumann
|
|
|
6.1
|
Introduction
|
91
|
|
6.2
|
Review of the Literature
|
95
|
|
6.3
|
A Decision Framework for Identifying Locally-Relevant Best and Wasted Buys
|
97
|
|
|
6.3.1
|
Background
|
97
|
|
|
6.3.2
|
A Decision Framework and a Transferability Assessment Checklist
|
98
|
|
|
Step 1: Initial Assessment of Study Design
|
102
|
|
|
|
A. Study Perspective
|
102
|
|
|
|
B. Intervention and its Comparator(s)
|
103
|
|
|
|
C. Time Horizon
|
103
|
|
|
|
D. Discounting
|
104
|
|
|
|
E. Study Quality
|
104
|
|
|
Step 2: Data Transferability Assessment
|
105
|
|
|
|
A. Baseline Risk (Disease Profile)
|
106
|
|
|
|
B. Treatment Effects (Clinical Information)
|
106
|
|
|
|
C. Unit Costs/Prices
|
106
|
|
|
|
D. Resource Utilization
|
107
|
|
|
|
E. Health-State Preference Weight
|
107
|
|
6.4
|
Worked Example: Assessing Transferability of Best Buy Interventions for Diabetes Prevention and Management in Kenya
|
109
|
|
|
6.4.1
|
Background and Rationale
|
109
|
|
|
6.4.2
|
Evaluator’s Guideline on Economic Evaluation
|
110
|
|
|
6.4.3
|
Transferability Assessment Process
|
111
|
|
|
6.4.4
|
Transferability Assessment Results
|
114
|
|
6.5
|
Using the Impact Inventory
|
116
|
|
6.6
|
Conclusion and Next Steps
|
117
|
|
|
7.
|
Finding the Best Evidence
|
119
|
|
Thunyarat Anothaisintawee
|
|
|
7.1
|
Determining the Impact of Behavior Change on NCDs Through Research
|
119
|
|
|
Case Study 7.1.1 Knowledge growth: A case study of low-calorie sweeteners
|
119
|
|
7.2
|
Types of Study Design
|
120
|
|
7.3
|
Quality Assessment of Studies/Evidence
|
121
|
|
7.4
|
Types of Evidence Synthesis
|
123
|
|
|
Case Study 7.4.1 Efficacy of lifestyle interventions and effect of lifestyle factors on the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases and hypertension: An umbrella review
|
125
|
|
7.5
|
Role of Environmental Interventions in Changing Health Behavior
|
126
|
|
7.6
|
Conclusion
|
128
|
|
|
8.
|
Cross-Sectoral Policies to Address Non-Communicable Diseases
|
129
|
|
Melitta Jakab and Peter C. Smith
|
|
|
8.1
|
Introduction
|
129
|
|
8.2
|
Why Are Cross-Sectoral Policies So Challenging?
|
132
|
|
8.3
|
Analytic Framework
|
134
|
|
8.4
|
Institutional Requirements
|
137
|
|
8.5
|
Types of Cross-Sectoral Policies
|
140
|
|
|
Case Study 8.5.1 The public catering decree in Hungary
|
141
|
|
|
Case Study 8.5.2 Employing people with disabilities in Croatia
|
142
|
|
8.6
|
Conclusions
|
144
|
|
8.7
|
Analytical Appendix
|
145
|
|
|
9.
|
Deliberative Processes in Decisions about Best Buys, Wasted Buys and Contestable Buys: Uncertainty and Credibility
|
147
|
|
Kalipso Chalkidou and Anthony J. Culyer
|
|
|
9.1
|
Introduction
|
147
|
|
9.2
|
Criteria, Opportunity Costs and Social Value Judgments: A Role for Deliberation
|
148
|
|
9.3
|
Deliberation Contrasted with Algorithms
|
150
|
|
9.4
|
Evidence
|
152
|
|
Box 9.1 Categories of Evidence
|
152
|
|
9.5
|
Uncertainty
|
159
|
|
9.6
|
Credibility
|
159
|
|
9.7
|
Some Characteristics of Deliberative Processes
|
163
|
|
Case Study 9.7.1 The (then) National Institute for Clinical Excellence (England and Wales)
|
164
|
|
9.8
|
Conclusions
|
168
|
|
|
10.
|
Summing Up
|
171
|
|
Wanrudee Isaranuwatchai, Rachel A. Archer and Anthony J. Culyer
|
|
|
|
|
Glossary of Abbreviations
|
175
|
List of Illustrations and Tables
|
179
|
|
|
Online Appendixes: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12434/09617d51
|