Developments in phenomenography over time

In Chapter 2, I describe how phenomenography has changed and developed over time, grouping developments into four key stages: (1) commencement of phenomenography; (2) clarification of methods; (3) theoretical developments in phenomenography; and (4) phenomenographic practice in the 21st century. In order to make the implications of the changes more meaningful, I present concrete examples in the chapter of different kinds of research questions and outcomes expected at different stages. In introducing terms like 21st-century phenomenography, I want to be clear though that early approaches to phenomenographic research are still recognisably and acceptably phenomenographic; it is just that more sophisticated ways of conducting phenomenographic research are now encouraged.