The Life of August Wilhelm Schlegel, Cosmopolitan of Art and Poetry

Roger Paulin

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Paulin’s impressive biography—which Open Book Publishers are to be commended for making freely downloadable in PDF from their website—reveals a Schlegel who, for all his engagement with history, was resistant to the historicist school of thought that was to dominate German historiography in the nineteenth century.

Nicholas Halmi, Romantic Circles (6 April 2017)

Roger Paulin’s ground-breaking and compendious but accessible publication […] marks a major reappraisal of its subject. Meticulously researched and impressively erudite, the book corrects our image of the man and demonstrates the breadth and depth of his achievements in disciplines ranging from European literary criticism to Indology, from translation to political pamphleteering. […] Paulin fully lives up to the challenges that such a multilingual, erudite, and polymathic subject poses, so that this work constitutes a monument not only to Schlegel but to his biographer.

—Stephanie Dumke, Modern Language Review, 112.3 (July 2017), 737-38.

Paulin has produced a work that will for long represent the standard biography. [...] Paulin presents us with an agreeably balanced and nuanced account of a complex and difficult subject. [...] Every scholar of Romanticism should be grateful that we at last have a modern scholarly account of August Wilhelm Schlegel that can stand comparison with such important biographies as Nicholas Boyle’s Goethe.

—Theodore Ziolkowski, Arbitrium, 35.1 (2017), 65.

Roger Paulin’s monumental biography of August Wilhelm Schlegel [...] – the first large-scale biography of August Wilhelm Schlegel in any language—presents a prodigious amount of learning in a readable and accessible form, helped by its division into many sub-chapters, and enlivened by a conversational, sometimes gently ironic tone. A welcome feature is an index which also includes the dates when the figures listed were born and died, and basic information about them. The more significant figures have short biographies provided in an appendix.

—Ritchie Robertson, 'The other Schlegel', The Times Literary Supplement, 7 September 2016

This comprehensive and elegant biography distils a lifetime of study to review Schlegel the writer and the man.

—John Claiborne Isbell, Société des études staëliennes, February 2016

Roger Paulin’s biography of August Wilhelm Schlegel presents a wide-ranging amount of information, not only about the ‘cosmopolitan’ himself, but on Germany and Europe of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century.

-Johannes Schmidt, Monatshefte, 109.3 (2017), 478-480.

Paulin has constructed a cohesive and comprehensive biography that can serve as both a general introduction for students and as a resource for scholars; it is invaluable for anyone with an interest in August Wilhelm Schlegel.

—Kristine Palmieri, Isis, 108.3 (2017), 705-706.

Read Roger Paulin's account on the genesis of this biography on our

This is the first full-scale biography, in any language, of a towering figure in German and European Romanticism: August Wilhelm Schlegel whose life, 1767 to 1845, coincided with its inexorable rise. As poet, translator, critic and oriental scholar, Schlegel's extraordinarily diverse interests and writings left a vast intellectual legacy, making him a foundational figure in several branches of knowledge. He was one of the last thinkers in Europe able to practise as well as to theorise, and to attempt to comprehend the nature of culture without being forced to be a narrow specialist. With his brother Friedrich, for example, Schlegel edited the avant-garde Romantic periodical Athenaeum; and he produced with his wife Caroline a translation of Shakespeare, the first metrical version into any foreign language. Schlegel's Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature were a defining force for Coleridge and for the French Romantics. But his interests extended to French, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese literature, as well to the Greek and Latin classics, and to Sanskrit.

August Wilhelm Schlegel is the first attempt to engage with this totality, to combine an account of Schlegel’s life and times with a critical evaluation of his work and its influence. Through the study of one man's rich life, incorporating the most recent scholarship, theoretical approaches, and archival resources, while remaining easily accessible to all readers, Paulin has recovered the intellectual climate of Romanticism in Germany and traced its development into a still-potent international movement. The extraordinarily wide scope and variety of Schlegel's activities have hitherto acted as a barrier to literary scholars, even in Germany. In Roger Paulin, whose career has given him the knowledge and the experience to grapple with such an ambitious project, Schlegel has at last found a worthy exponent.

The Department of German and Dutch, University of Cambridge, and Trinity College, Cambridge, have generously contributed towards the publication of this volume.

The Life of August Wilhelm Schlegel, Cosmopolitan of Art and Poetry
Roger Paulin | January 2016
xiv + 664 | 106 colour illustrations | 6.14" x 9.21" (234 x 156 mm)
ISBN Paperback: 9781909254954
ISBN Hardback: 9781909254961
ISBN Digital (PDF): 9781909254978
ISBN Digital ebook (epub): 9781909254985
ISBN Digital ebook (mobi): 9781909254992
ISBN Digital (XML): 9781783746347
DOI: 10.11647/OBP.0069
BIC subject codes: D (Literature and literary studies) | DS (Literature: history and criticism) | BG (Biography: general)

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Acknowledgements
List of Abbreviations
Introduction

1. Family, Childhood and Youth (1767-1794)
     Antecedents
     ‘From One House Four Such Marvellous Minds’
     Johann Adolf Schlegel
     Growing Up in Hanover
     Siblings
     Childhood and Schooling
     Göttingen
     Gottfried August Bürger: ‘Young Eagle’
     The First Translations
     Johann Dominik Fiorillo
     Caroline Michaelis-Böhmer
     Summer 1791-Summer 1795: Amsterdam, Mainz, Leipzig
     Caroline’s Tribulations
     Schlegel in Amsterdam
     ‘Du, Caroline und ich’: Friedrich Schlegel

2. Jena and Berlin (1795-1804)
2.1 Jena
     Die Horen
     Goethe and Schiller on the Attack: The Xenien
     Schlegel’s Reviews: Language, Metrics
     Dante
     The Shakespeare Translation
     The Wilhelm Meister Essay
     The Jena Group
     The Genesis of the Athenaeum
     The Group Meets in Dresden
     Professor in Jena
     The Fichte Affair
     The Scandal of Lucinde
     Foregathering in Jena
     The First Strains
     The Death of Auguste Böhmer
     Elegies for the Dead and the Living
     Schlegel’s Contributions to the Athenaeum
     The Essays on Art
     Schlegel’s Lectures in Jena
2.2 Berlin (1801-1804)
     The End of Jena: Controversies and Polemics
     The Essay on Bürger
     Sophie Tieck-Bernhardi
     The Ion Fiasco
     Polemics, Caricatures and Lampoons
     Friedrich Schlegel’s Europa
     Calderón
2.3 The Berlin Lectures

3.The Years with Madame de Staël (1804-1817)
     Holding Things Together
     Germaine de Staël-Holstein
     Madame de Staël and Germany
     The Meeting of Staël and Schlegel
     Schlegel in Coppet
     In Italy with Madame de Staël 1804-1805
3.1 With Madame de Staël in Coppet and Acosta 1805-1807The Writer in Diaspora
     Considérations sur la civilisation en général
     On some Tragic Roles of Madame de Staël
     Corinne, ou l’Italie
     Swiss Journeyings with Albert de Staël
     Comparaison entre la Phèdre de Racine et celle d’Euripide (1807)
3.2 Vienna
     Travelling to Vienna with Madame de Staël
     Friedrich Schlegel: Rome and India
     The Vienna Lectures
     Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature
     Further Travels
     Back to Coppet
     De l’Allemagne
     Holed up in Berne
     The Dash to Vienna
     De l’Allemagne: The Book Itself
     The Last Days in Coppet
3.3 The Flight: Caught Up in History
     Through Germany, Austria and Russia, to Sweden
     In the Service of Bernadotte: The Political Pamphleteer
     Political and Military Developments 1813-1814England and France The Return to Scholarship
     Italy, Coppet, Paris: The Death of Madame de Staël
3.4 Scholarly Matters
     Learned Reviews
     Medieval Studies
     The Nibelungenlied

4. Bonn and India (1818-1845)
4.1 Bonn
     ‘Chevalier de plusieurs ordres’
     Auguste and Albertine
     The European Celebrity
     Friedrich Schlegel in Frankfurt
     Marriage
     The University of Bonn
     The Bonn Professor
     The Carlsbad Decrees
     The Professor’s Day
     Teacher and Taught
     The Content of the Lectures
4.2 India
     The Indische Bibliothek
     Paris and London 1820-1823Educating the Young
     Paris and London Again
     The Sanskrit Editions

5. The Past Returns
     Friedrich Schlegel
     Ludwig Tieck
     Goethe
     The 1827 Art Lectures in Berlin
     Heinrich Heine
5.1 The Last Years 1834-1845
     The Works of Frederick the Great
     Illness and Death
     Epilogue

Short Biographies
Select Bibliography
List of Illustrations
Index

Roger Paulin is Schröder Professor Emeritus at the University of Cambridge. His major interest is literary history from 1700-1900. His chief monograph publications have been on Ludwig Tieck (1985), on the German Novelle (1985), and on the reception of Shakespeare in Germany (2003). He has published numerous articles on Goethe, Kleist, Romanticism, and on German poetry from Klopstock to Rilke. In 2002 he was awarded a Humboldt Prize and in 2011 the Bundesverdienstkreuz.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the text; to adapt the text and to make commercial use of the text providing attribution is made to the author (but not in any way that suggests that he endorses you or your use of the work). Attribution should include the following information:

Roger Paulin, The Life of August Wilhelm Schlegel, Cosmopolitan of Art and Poetry. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2016, https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0069

Further details about CC BY licenses are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Please see the list of illustrations below for attribution relating to individual images. Every effort has been made to identify and contact copyright holders and any omission or error will be corrected if notification is made to the publisher. For information about the rights of the Wikimedia Commons images, please refer to the Wikimedia website.

Cover image: background: Map of Central and Southern Europe (1855) from Wikimedia, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Central_and_Southern_Europe_Map_1855.jpg. Portrait of Schlegel in the 1840s from Flickr Commons, in the Internet Archive Book Images collection, https://www.flickr.com/photos/internetarchivebookimages/14777435381

Main text
Frontispiece: The Schlegel Coat of Arms (‘Schlegel von Gottleben’). SLUB Dresden. Mscr. Dresd. e. 90. 11. 10-1. © SLUB Dresden, all rights reserved.
1. August Wilhelm Schlegel, De geographia Homerica (Hanover, 1788). Title page. © and by kind permission of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, CC BY-NC 4.0.
2. Portrait drawing of August Wilhelm Schlegel as a young man, by unknown artist, undated [early 1790s]. © and by kind permission of Hans-Joachim Dopfer, all rights reserved.
3. Portrait in oils of August Wilhelm Schlegel, by Johann Friedrich August Tischbein [1793]. http://www.zeno.org/nid/20004239346. Image in the public domain. (Attribution challenged by the present owners, Freies Deutsches Hochstift-Frankfurter Goethe-Museum, Frankfurt am Main).
4. Die Horen eine Monatsschrift herausgegeben von Schiller (Tübingen, 1795-98). Title page of vol. 1. Image in the public domain.
5. Manuscript page of Schlegel’s and Caroline’s translation of Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet (1797), in Caroline’s hand, open at Act 2, Scene 1 (‘O Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?’). SLUB Dresden. Mscr. Dresd. e. 90. XXII. 10. Bl. 24. © SLUB Dresden, all rights reserved.
6. Manuscript page of Schlegel’s translation of Shakespeare’s The Tempest (1798), open at Act 1, Scene 2 (‘Full fathom five’). SLUB Dresden. Mscr. Dresd. e. 90. XXII. 13. Bl. 49. © SLUB Dresden, all rights reserved.
7. Athenaeum. Eine Zeitschrift von August Wilhelm und Friedrich Schlegel (Berlin, 1798-1800). Title page of vol. 2. Image in the public domain.
8. John Flaxman: illustration of Dante, Inferno, Canto 33 (Rome[?], 1802), showing Ugolino and his sons. © and by kind permission of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, CC BY-NC 4.0.
9. August Wilhelm and Friedrich Schlegel, Charakteristiken und Kritiken (Königsberg, 1801), Title page of vol. 1. © and by kind permission of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, CC BY-NC 4.0.
10. A. W. Schlegel and L. Tieck, Musenalmanach auf das Jahr 1802 (Tübingen, 1802). Title page. © and by kind permission of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, CC BY-NC 4.0.
11. ‘Schlegel and Tieck Crowning Each Other With Laurels’. Extract from the caricature ‘Die neuere Ästhetik’ (1803). Image taken from Die ästhetische Prügeley, ed. Rainer Schmitz (Göttingen: Wallstein, 1992), [unpag.]. Courtesy of Wallstein Verlag, image in the public domain.
12. Europa. Eine Zeitschrift. Herausgegeben von Friedrich Schlegel (Frankfurt am Main, 1803, 1805). Frontispiece and title page. © and by kind permission of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, CC BY-NC 4.0.
13.‘Artem penetrat’. Caricature drawing, undated [1805?], reproduced by J. G. van Gelder, ‘Artem Penetrat’, in: Dancwerc. Opstellen aangeboden aan Prof. Dr. D. Th. Enklaar ter gelegenheid van zijn vijfenzestige verjaardag (Groningen: Wolters, 1959), 308-317, ill. facing 312. Orphan work.
14. August Wilhelm Schlegel, Comparaison entre la Phèdre de Racine et celle d’Euripide (Paris, 1807). Title page. © and by kind permission of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, CC BY-NC 4.0.
15. August Wilhelm Schlegel, Über dramatische Kunst und Litteratur (Heidelberg, 1809, 1811). Title page of vol. 1. Image in the public domain.
16. ‘Eintritts-Billett’. Admission ticket for Schlegel’s lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature, Vienna 1808. SLUB Dresden. Mscr. Dresd. App. 2712. A8. 5. © SLUB Dresden, all rights reserved.
17. August Wilhelm Schlegel, marble bust by Friedrich Tieck 1816-30. Image taken from the frontispiece of Briefe von und an August Wilhelm Schlegel, ed. Josef Körner (Zurich, Leipzig, Vienna: Amalthea, 1930), vol. 1. Image in the public domain.
18. August Wilhelm Schlegel, Poetische Werke (Vienna, 1815). Frontispiece and title page. Image in the public domain.
19. August Wilhelm Schlegel, Betrachtungenüber die Politik der dänischen Regierung ([Stockholm], 1813). Title page. © and by kind permission of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, CC BY-NC 4.0.
20. Proclamations de S. A. R. le Prince-Royal de Suède (Stockholm, 1815). Title page. Image in the public domain.
21. Portrait engraving of August Wilhelm Schlegel by Gustav Adolph Zumpe (c. 1817). Image in the public domain.
22. Friedrich Schlegel, Deutsches Museum (Vienna, 1812). Title page. Image in the public domain.
23. August Wilhelm Schlegel, Cours de littérature dramatique. Traduit de l’allemand (Paris, Geneva, 1814). Title page of vol. 1. © and by kind permission of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, CC BY-NC 4.0.
24. Jahrbuch der Preußischen Rhein-Universität (Bonn, 1819). Frontispiece issued 1821. © and by kind permission of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, CC BY-NC 4.0.
25. ‘Aula’. Illustration from Die rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Bonn (Bonn, 1839). Image in the public domain.
26. ‘Inskriptions-Liste’. Attendance list for August Wilhelm Schlegel’s lecture ‘Deutsche Verskunst’, summer semester 1820, showing Heinrich Heine’s name at the bottom. SLUB Dresden. Mscr. Dresd. e. 90. V. 7. © SLUB Dresden, all rights reserved.
27. ’Inskriptions-Liste’. Attendance list for August Wilhelm Schlegel’s lecture ‘Einige homerische Fragen’, winter semester 1835-36. Karl Marx’s name is marked ‘+6’. SLUB Dresden. Mscr. Dresd. e. 90. V. 4. © SLUB Dresden, all rights reserved.
28. Indische Bibliothek. Eine Zeitschrift von August Wilhelm von Schlegel (Bonn, 1820-1830). Title page issued in 1823. © and by kind permission of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, CC BY-NC 4.0.
29. Schlegel’s Certificate of Departure from the Port of Dover, 19 November 1823, with description of his appearance. SLUB Dresden. Mscr. Dresd. e. 90. XI. 1. 4. © SLUB Dresden, all rights reserved.
30. Auguste von Buttlar, pencil drawing after the engraving by Jean Bein based on the painting by François Gérard, ‘Corinne au cap Misène’ (1819), 1824.
Kupferstich-Kabinett, Kupferstich-Kabinett, Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden, Inv. Nr. Ca 45/S.01 © Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden, all rights reserved.
31. Schlegel’s invitation to the palace of the Tuileries, dated 8 October, 1831. SLUB Dresden. Mscr. Dresd. e. 90. XI. V. b. © SLUB Dresden, all rights reserved.
32. Schlegel’s receipt for the ‘Silver Dress Star of the Royal Hanoverian Guelphic Order’, 20 March, 1832. SLUB Dresden. Mscr. Dresd. e. 90. II. 51. © SLUB Dresden, all rights reserved.
33. Râmâyana. Schlegel’s edition, part 1 of vol. 1 (Bonn, 1829). Title page. © and by kind permission of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, CC BY-NC 4.0
34. Lithograph by Henry & Cohen in Bonn, after the portrait engraving of August Wilhelm Schlegel by Adolf August Hohneck (c. 1830). Image from Oeuvres de M. Auguste-Guillaume de Schlegel écrites en français, ed. Éduouard Böcking, vol. 1 (Leipzig: Weidmann, 1846), frontispiece. © and by kind permission of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, CC BY-NC 4.0.
35. Portrait engraving of August Wilhelm Schlegel by Christian Hoffmeister (1841). Image taken from Briefe von und an August Wilhelm Schlegel, ed. Josef Körner (Zurich, Leipzig, Vienna, 1930), vol. 1, facing p. 521. Image in the public domain.

Short biographies
1. Ernst Moritz Arndt. Engraving by unknown artist (c. 1820). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ernst_Moritz_Arndt.gif
2. Bettina von Arnim. Drawing by Ludwig Emil Grimm (c. 1810). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bettina-von-arnim-grimm.jpg
3. Ludwig Achim von Arnim. Painting by Peter Eduard Ströhling (1805). http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ludwig_Achim_von_Arnim.jpg
4. Wolf von Baudissin. Photograph from unknown source. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wolf_Heinrich_Graf_von_Baudissin.jpg
5. Jean Baptiste Bernadotte. Painting by François Gérard. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_XIV_John_as_Crown_Prince_of_Sweden_-_François_Gérard.jpg
6. Auguste Böhmer. Engraving based on a painting by Johann Friedrich August Tischbein (1798). http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Böhmer_Auguste.jpg
7. Sulpiz Boisserée. Drawing by Johann Joseph Schmeller (1827). http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sulpiz_Boisserée.jpg
8. Albert de Broglie. Photograph by Bascard fils (late nineteenth century). http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Broglie_Albert.JPG
9. Victor de Broglie. Engraving by Lacoste (1843). http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:De_Broglie_1843.jpg
10. Gottfried August Bürger. Engraving by unknown artist. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gottfried_august_buerger.jpg
11. Henry Thomas Colebrooke. Bust by Sir Francis Chantrey (1837). http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HTColebrooke.jpg
12. Benjamin Constant. Lithograph by Langlumé (undated). http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BenjaminConstant.jpg
13. Johann Friedrich von Cotta. Lithograph by unknown artist (c. 1830). http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Johann_Friedrich_Freiherr_von_Cotta.png
14. Johann Joachim Eschenburg. Painting by Johann Friedrich Weitsch (before 1803). http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Johann_Joachim_Eschenburg.jpg
15. Johann Gottlieb Fichte. Engraving after the drawing by Friedrich Bury (1801). http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Johann_gottlieb_fichte.jpg
16. John Flaxman. Self-portrait at the age of 24. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Selfportraitflaxman.jpg
17. Georg Forster. Portrait painting by Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein (1785). http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Georg_Forster-larger.jpg
18. Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué. Engraving by L. Staub (undated, after 1815). http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Staub_-_Friedrich_de_la_Motte_Fouqué.jpg
19. Friedrich Gentz. Lithograph by Friedrich Lieder (1825). http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Friedrich_Gentz.jpg
20. Joseph Görres. Portrait painting by Joseph Anton Nikolaus Settegast (1838). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Joseph_von_Görres.jpg
21. Johann Wolfgang Goethe. Drawing by Friedrich Bury (1800). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:JohannWolfgangVonGoethe_FriedrichBury.jpg
22. Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm. Double portrait by Elisabeth Jerichau-Baumann (1855). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grimm.jpg
23. Friedrich von Hardenberg (Novalis). Engraving by Eduard Eichens (1845) after a portrait by an unknown artist. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Novalis.jpg
24. Karl August von Hardenberg. Portrait painting by Friedrich Georg Weitsch (c. 1822). http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fürst_Hardenberg.jpg
25. Heinrich Heine. Etching by Eduard Mandel (1854) after a portrait drawing by Franz Kugler (1829). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heinrich_Heine.jpg
26. Frans Hemsterhuis. Unidentified engraving. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Romein_erfl_Hemsterhuis.gif
27. Johann Gottfried Herder. Portrait painting by Anton Graff (1786). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Johann_Gottfried_Herder_2.jpg
28. Christian Gottlob Heyne. Engraving based on a portrait painting by Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein (1789). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Christian_Gottlob_Heyne.jpg
29. Alexander von Humboldt. Portrait painting by Friedrich Georg Weitsch (1806). http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt#/media/File:Alexandre_humboldt.jpg
30. Wilhelm von Humboldt. Engraving by an unknown artist (undated). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:W.v.Humboldt.jpg
31. August Wilhelm Iffland. Copy of a pastel portrait by Johann Heinrich Schröder (undated). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Iffland_after_Johann_Heinrich_Schröder.jpg
32. Sir William Jones. Engraving by William Evans (1804). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sir_William_Jones_by_William_Evans_1804.jpg
33. Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock. Portrait painting by Jens Juel (c. 1779). http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Friedrich_Gottlieb_Klopstock_1.jpg
34. David Ferdinand Koreff. Portrait drawing by Wilhelm Hensel (undated). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wilhelm_Hensel_-_David_Ferdinand_Koreff.jpg
35. August von Kotzebue. Engraving by an unknown artist (1859). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:August_von_Kotzebue.jpg
36. Christian Lassen. Drawing by Adolf Hohneck (1859). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lassen2.jpg
37. Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. Portrait painting by Anton Graff (1771). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing_Kunstsammlung_Uni_Leipzig.jpg
38. Ludwig I of Bavaria. Engraving by Albert Reindel after a portrait painting by Joseph Karl Stieler (1825). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ludwig_I..jpg
39. Sir James Mackintosh. Engraving by T. W. Harland (undated) after the portrait by Sir Thomas Lawrence. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Wilkin06.jpg
40. Prince Klemens Metternich. Engraving by T.W. Harland (undated) after the portrait by Sir Thomas Lawrence. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ALISON(1850)_p12.092_METTERNICH.jpg
41. Adam Müller. Lithograph portrait of around 1815 by an unknown artist. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Adam_Heinrich_Müller.jpg
42. Johannes von Müller. Portrait painting by Anton Wilhelm Tischbein (1787-88). http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MuellerJ.jpg
43. Jacques Necker. Portrait painting by Joseph-Siffrein Duplessis (1783). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Necker,_Jacques_-_Duplessis.jpg
44. Barthold Georg Niebuhr. Portrait drawing by Louise Seidler (undated). http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Louise_Seidler_-_Niebuhr_-_Uhde_222.jpg
45. Juliette Récamier. Portrait painting by François Gérard. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:François_Pascal_Simon_Gérard_003.jpg
46. Johann Friedrich Reichardt. Engraving by Karl Traugott Riedel (1814) after a portrait painting by Anton Graff (1794). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:JohannFriedrichReichardtMusikerS130.jpg
47. Jean Paul (Richter). Portrait painting by Friedrich Meier (1810). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jean_Paul_by_Friedrich_Meier_1810.jpg
48. Henry Crabb Robinson. Engraving by William Holl after a photographic portrait by Maull & Co. (1869). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_H_Crabb_Robinson_(crop).png
49. Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling. Pastel portrait by Friedrich Tieck (c. 1801). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FriedrichWilhelmSchelling.jpg
50. Friedrich Schiller. Portrait painting by Ludovike Simanowitz (1793-94). http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Friedrich_Schiller_by_Ludovike_Simanowiz.jpg
51. Caroline Schlegel. Portrait painting by Friedrich August Tischbein (1798). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tischbein_-_Caroline_Schelling.jpg
52. Dorothea Schlegel. Portrait painting by Anton Graff (c. 1790). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dorothea_Schlegel.jpg
53. Johann Adolf Schlegel. Portrait painting by G. W. Thielo (undated). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Johann_Adolf_Schlegel.jpg
54. Friedrich Schlegel. Engraving after the portrait drawing by Philipp Veit (1811). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Friederich_von_Schlegel.jpg
55. Friedrich Schleiermacher. Engraving by J. H. Lips (1800). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Friedrich_Daniel_Ernst_Schleiermacher_2.jpg
56. Jean-Charles-Léonard Simonde de Sismondi. Engraving by de Pernel (undated). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jean_Charles_de_Sismondi.jpg
57. Erik Magnus von Staël-Holstein. Portrait painting by Adolf Erik Wertmüller (c. 1782). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Erik_Magnus_Staël_von_Holstein.jpg
58. Germaine de Staël-Holstein. Portrait painting by François Gérard (c. 1810). http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Madame_de_Staël.jpg
59. Henrik Steffens. Lithograph by Friedrich Jentzen after a drawing by Franz Krüger (1828). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Henrich_Steffens2.jpg
60. Freiherr vom Stein. Drawing by Friedrich Olivier (1821). http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Woldemar_Friedrich_von_Olivier_-_Heinrich_Friedrich_Karl_Freiherr_Vom_Stein.jpg
61. Freiherr vom Stein zum
Altenstein. Portrait by unknown artist (undated). http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Altenstein.jpg
62. Friedrich Tieck. Lithograph by Johann Joseph Sprick after a drawing by Franz Krüger (early 1840s). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FriedrichTieck.jpg
63. Ludwig Tieck. Engraving after a portrait painting by Joseph Karl Stieler (1838). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ludwig_Tieck.jpg
64. Karl August Varnhagen von Ense. Drawing by Samuel Friedrich Diez (1839). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Karl-Varnhagen-von-Ense-1839-Zeichnung-von-Samuel-Friedrich-Diez.jpg
65. Rahel Varnhagen. Engraving by an unknown artist (undated). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rahel_Varnhagen.jpg
66. Philipp Veit. Self-portrait (1816). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Veitself.jpg
67. Johann Heinrich Voss. Portrait painting by Georg Friedrich Adolph Schöner (1797). http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Johann_Heinrich_Voss (Schöner).jpg
68. Friedrich Gottlieb Welcker. Engraving by Adolf Hohneck (1840). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Friedrich_Gottlieb_Welcker_2.jpg
69. Zacharias Werner. Etching after a drawing by E. T. A. Hoffmann (undated). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:E._T._A._Hoffmann_-_Zacharias_Werner.jpg
70. Christoph Martin Wieland. Portrait painting by Ferdinand Jagemann (1805). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Christoph_Martin_Wieland_by_Ferdinand_Jagemann_1805_Cut.jpg
71. Johann Joachim Winckelmann. Portrait painting by Anton Raphael Mengs (1761-62). http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann_(Raphael_Mengs_after_1755).jpg