Contents

Contributor Biographies

vii

Introduction

Carola Richter and Claudia Kozman

xi

1.

Lebanon: A Faltering Mesh of Political and Commercial Interests

Sarah El-Richani

1

2.

Syria: A Fragmented Media System

Yazan Badran

19

3.

Palestine: Resilient Media Practices for National Liberation

Gretchen King

37

4.

Jordan: Media’s Sustainability during Hard Times

Basim Tweissi

55

5.

Iraq: Media between Democratic Freedom and Security Pressures

Sahar Khalifa Salim

73

6.

Saudi Arabia: From National Media to Global Player

Marwan M. Kraidy

91

7.

United Arab Emirates: Media for Sustainable Development

Mohammad Ayish

109

8.

Qatar: A Small Country with a Global Outlook

Ehab Galal

127

9.

Bahrain: Media-Assisted Authoritarianism

Marc Owen Jones

145

10.

Kuwait: From “Hollywood of the Gulf” to Social Media Diwaniyas

Fatima Alsalem

163

11.

Oman: Time for Fundamental Changes

Abdullah K. Al-Kindi

181

12.

Yemen: Unsettled Media for an Unsettled Country

Abdulrahman M. Al-Shami

197

13.

Egypt: A Divided and Restricted Media Landscape after the Transformation

Hanan Badr

215

14.

Sudan: Media under the Military–Democratic Pendulum

Mahmoud M. Galander

233

15.

Libya: From Jamahirization to Post-Revolutionary Chaos

Carola Richter

249

16.

Tunisia: The Transformative Media Landscape after the Revolution

Noureddine Miladi

267

17.

Algeria: The Costs of Clientelism

Nacer-Eddine Layadi, translated by Abdelhak Bouifer

285

18.

Morocco: Competitive Authoritarianism in Media Reforms

Bouziane Zaid and Mohammed Ibahrine

303

Conclusion

Carola Richter and Claudia Kozman

323

Acknowledgements

343

Index

345

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