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Forewords
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vii
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Acknowledgements
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xv
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Notes on Contributors
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xix
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1.
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Introduction
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1
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Wanrudee Isaranuwatchai, Rachel A. Archer and Anthony J. Culyer
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1.1
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Non-Communicable Disease
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1
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1.2
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Best, Wasted and Contestable Buys
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5
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1.3
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Definitions and Central Ideas
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6
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Box 1.1 Definitions of Basic Terminology Used in Economic Evaluation
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7
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1.4
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The Cost-Effectiveness Plane
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8
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1.5
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The Story of This Book
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12
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1.6
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The Project and Its Output
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13
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1.7
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The Project Journey
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13
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1.8
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Target Audience
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15
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2.
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Non-Communicable Diseases, NCD Program Managers and the Politics of Progress
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17
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Sumithra Krishnamurthy Reddiar and Jesse B. Bump
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2.1
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Background
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17
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2.2
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Methods for Interviews and Analysis
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19
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2.3
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Institutions: NCD Managers, NCD Units and Ministries of Health
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21
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2.4
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Interests: Stakeholders and Power
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26
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2.5
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Ideas: Evidence, Knowledge and Values
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28
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2.6
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Discussion
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33
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2.7
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Limitations
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38
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2.8
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Conclusions and Recommendations
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38
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3.
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Framework for Implementing Best Buys and Avoiding Wasted Buys
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41
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Yot Teerawattananon, Alia Luz, Manushi Sharma and Waranya Rattanavipapong
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3.1
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Consideration One
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42
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3.2
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Consideration Two
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44
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3.3
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Consideration Three
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45
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3.4
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Consideration Four
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46
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3.5
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Consideration Five
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47
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3.6
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The SEED Tool in Practice
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48
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4.
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Best Buys
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51
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Tazeem Bhatia, Arisa Shichijo and Ryota Nakamura
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4.1
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Introduction
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51
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4.1.1
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Background
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51
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4.1.2
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What This Chapter Offers
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54
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4.2
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Determining Important Contextual Factors in NCD Prevention
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55
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4.3
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Policymaking Challenges and Cost-Effectiveness Data
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60
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Investigating Case Studies
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61
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Case Study 4.4.1 Cardiovascular screening in Sri Lanka
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61
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Case Study 4.4.2 Prevention and control of cervical cancer in Cambodia
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63
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Case Study 4.4.3 Sugar-Sweetened Beverage (SSB) taxes
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64
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4.5
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Discussion
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66
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4.6
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Conclusion
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68
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5.
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Wasted Buys
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71
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Yot Teerawattananon, Manushi Sharma, Alia Luz, Waranya Rattanavipapong and Adam G. Elshaug
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5.1
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Introduction
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71
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5.1.1
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What Are ‘Wasted Buys’?
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72
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5.1.2
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The ‘Area of Uncertainty’
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74
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5.2
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Exploring Wasted Buys in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs)
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75
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A. Cochrane Collaboration Database
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75
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B. The Global Health Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (GH CEA) Registry
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76
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C. Disease Control Priorities (DCP)
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76
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Case Study 5.2.1 Mass-media campaigns for prevention of NCDs
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77
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Case Study 5.2.2 Cost-effectiveness of medical primary prevention strategies to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Tanzania
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79
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Case Study 5.2.3 Diabetes screening in Thailand and Indonesia
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80
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Case Study 5.2.4 Drug testing in Bhutan
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82
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5.3
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Common Features of Wasted Buys
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84
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5.3.1
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The Fallacy that Prevention Interventions Are Always Best Buys
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85
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5.3.2
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One Size Seldom Fits All in International Guidelines
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85
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5.3.3
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Policy-Based Evidence Versus Evidence-Based Policy
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86
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5.3.4
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Selective Implementation of Interventions
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86
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5.3.5
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Low CE Threshold Used for Decision-Making
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87
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5.4
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Recommendations
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88
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6.
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Assessing the Transferability of Economic Evaluations: A Decision Framework
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91
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David D. Kim, Rachel L. Bacon and Peter J. Neumann
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6.1
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Introduction
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91
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6.2
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Review of the Literature
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95
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6.3
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A Decision Framework for Identifying Locally-Relevant Best and Wasted Buys
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97
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6.3.1
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Background
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97
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6.3.2
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A Decision Framework and a Transferability Assessment Checklist
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98
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Step 1: Initial Assessment of Study Design
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102
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A. Study Perspective
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102
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B. Intervention and its Comparator(s)
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103
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C. Time Horizon
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103
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D. Discounting
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104
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E. Study Quality
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104
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Step 2: Data Transferability Assessment
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105
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A. Baseline Risk (Disease Profile)
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106
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B. Treatment Effects (Clinical Information)
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106
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C. Unit Costs/Prices
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106
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D. Resource Utilization
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107
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E. Health-State Preference Weight
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107
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6.4
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Worked Example: Assessing Transferability of Best Buy Interventions for Diabetes Prevention and Management in Kenya
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109
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6.4.1
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Background and Rationale
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109
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6.4.2
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Evaluator’s Guideline on Economic Evaluation
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110
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6.4.3
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Transferability Assessment Process
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111
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6.4.4
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Transferability Assessment Results
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114
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6.5
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Using the Impact Inventory
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116
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6.6
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Conclusion and Next Steps
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117
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7.
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Finding the Best Evidence
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119
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Thunyarat Anothaisintawee
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7.1
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Determining the Impact of Behavior Change on NCDs Through Research
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119
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Case Study 7.1.1 Knowledge growth: A case study of low-calorie sweeteners
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119
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7.2
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Types of Study Design
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120
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7.3
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Quality Assessment of Studies/Evidence
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121
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7.4
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Types of Evidence Synthesis
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123
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Case Study 7.4.1 Efficacy of lifestyle interventions and effect of lifestyle factors on the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases and hypertension: An umbrella review
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125
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7.5
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Role of Environmental Interventions in Changing Health Behavior
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126
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7.6
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Conclusion
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128
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8.
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Cross-Sectoral Policies to Address Non-Communicable Diseases
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129
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Melitta Jakab and Peter C. Smith
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8.1
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Introduction
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129
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8.2
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Why Are Cross-Sectoral Policies So Challenging?
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132
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8.3
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Analytic Framework
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134
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8.4
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Institutional Requirements
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137
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8.5
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Types of Cross-Sectoral Policies
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140
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Case Study 8.5.1 The public catering decree in Hungary
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141
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|
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Case Study 8.5.2 Employing people with disabilities in Croatia
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142
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8.6
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Conclusions
|
144
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8.7
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Analytical Appendix
|
145
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|
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9.
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Deliberative Processes in Decisions about Best Buys, Wasted Buys and Contestable Buys: Uncertainty and Credibility
|
147
|
|
Kalipso Chalkidou and Anthony J. Culyer
|
|
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9.1
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Introduction
|
147
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|
9.2
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Criteria, Opportunity Costs and Social Value Judgments: A Role for Deliberation
|
148
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|
9.3
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Deliberation Contrasted with Algorithms
|
150
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|
9.4
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Evidence
|
152
|
|
Box 9.1 Categories of Evidence
|
152
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|
9.5
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Uncertainty
|
159
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9.6
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Credibility
|
159
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9.7
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Some Characteristics of Deliberative Processes
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163
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Case Study 9.7.1 The (then) National Institute for Clinical Excellence (England and Wales)
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164
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9.8
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Conclusions
|
168
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|
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10.
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Summing Up
|
171
|
|
Wanrudee Isaranuwatchai, Rachel A. Archer and Anthony J. Culyer
|
|
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|
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Glossary of Abbreviations
|
175
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|
List of Illustrations and Tables
|
179
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Online Appendixes: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12434/09617d51
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