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Contents

Preface

1

1.

Friedrich Schiller, ‘Ode to Joy’

A Hymn for Europe

7

2.

Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully, Memoirs

Henry IV of France’s Great Design

9

3.

Charles-Irénée Castel de Saint Pierre, Project for Perpetual Peace in Europe

Europe: A Project for Peace

12

4.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, A Lasting Peace through the Federation of Europe

A Study of Abbé de Saint-Pierre’s Suggestions

15

5.

Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace

Universal Peace

20

6.

Charles-Irénée Castel de Saint Pierre, Project for Perpetual Peace in Europe

What Size should Europe Be?

23

7.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Judgment on Perpetual Peace

The European Union: An Unrealistic Project?

25

8.

Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

Seeing Beyond Borders

27

9.

Louis de Jaucourt, ‘Europe’ in Diderot and D’Alembert’s Encyclopédie

Europe in the Encyclopédie

28

10.

Diego de Torres Villarroel, The Fantastic Voyage of the Great Piscátor of Salamanca

The Geography of Europe

31

11.

Anonymous, ‘Academy of History’ in Supplement to the Encyclopédie

History and Political Interests

32

12.

Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully, Memoirs

A Prototype for the European Parliament?

35

13.

Charles-Irénée Castel de Saint Pierre, Project for Perpetual Peace in Europe

Europe and Islam

37

14.

Voltaire, Essay on the Mores and the Spirit of the Nations

Europe’s True Wealth is its Cultural Heritage

38

15.

Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat de Condorcet, Outlines of an Historical View of the Progress of the Human Mind

Making Rules to Bring About Peace

40

16.

Charles-Irénée Castel de Saint Pierre, Project for Perpetual Peace in Europe

Our Russian Neighbour

41

17.

Voltaire, The Century of Louis XIV

Christian Europe as a Great Republic?

42

18.

Louis-Antoine Caraccioli, Paris, the Model of Foreign Nations, or French Europe

Unity in Diversity

43

19.

Montesquieu, The Spirit of Laws

European Commerce

45

20.

Charles-Irénée Castel de Saint Pierre, Project for Perpetual Peace in Europe

Religious Toleration

48

21.

Louis-Antoine Caraccioli, Paris, the Model of Foreign Nations, or French Europe

The Riches of European Cuisine

50

22.

Montesquieu, Persian Letters

Europe through Persian Eyes

52

23.

Germaine de Staël, On Literature Considered in Relation to Social Institutions

Literature from the North to the South

55

24.

François-Ignace d’Espiard de La Borde, The Spirit of Nations

Of National Characters

58

25.

Louis-Antoine Caraccioli, Paris, the Model of Foreign Nations, or French Europe

Linguistic Diversity in Europe

61

26.

August Wilhem Schlegel, Outline of the European Conditions of German Literature

The Role of Germany in European Culture

63

27.

Gabriel-François Coyer, Voyage Through Italy and Holland

The Rape of Europa

65

28.

Charles-Irénée Castel de Saint Pierre, Project for Perpetual Peace in Europe

An Economic Union

66

29.

Charles de Villers, Constitutions of the Three Free-Hanseatic Towns, Lubeck, Bremen and Hambourg, with a Memorandum on the Rank these Towns should Occupy in Europe’s Commercial Organisation

A Common European Market

68

30.

Stanislas Leszczynski, Conversation Between a European and an Islander from the Kingdom of Dumocala

The Empire of Reason

71

31.

Tomás de Iriarte, Literary Fables

The Circulation of Riches

73

32.

Louis-Antoine Caraccioli, Paris, the Model of Foreign Nations, or French Europe

European Sociability

75

33.

Charles-Irénée Castel de Saint Pierre, Project for Perpetual Peace in Europe

The Safety of Europe’s Borders

78

34.

Marie Leprince de Beaumont, The Young Ladies’ Magazine, Or Dialogues Between a Discreet Governess and Several Young Ladies of the First Rank Under Her Education

Colonial Europe

79

35.

Louis-Jules Barbon Mancini-Mazarini-Nivernois, Duke of Nevers, Fables

Another Vision of Education

81

36.

Louis-Antoine Caraccioli, Paris, the Model of Foreign Nations, or French Europe

The Importance of Trade

83

37.

Johann Gottfried Herder, Ideas on the Philosophy of the History of Humanity

The Diversity and Unity of Europe

85

38.

Françoise de Graffigny, Letters of a Peruvian Princess

A Critique of European Mores

87

39.

David Hume, Political Discourses

European Civilisation

89

40.

Louis-Antoine Muratori, Treatise on Public Happiness

The Progress of Justice in Europe

91

41.

Louis-Antoine Caraccioli, Paris, the Model of Foreign Nations, or French Europe

Bringing Europeans together

93

42.

Germaine de Staël, Corinne, or Italy

Italy and the Origins of European Culture

96

43.

Marie-Anne du Boccage, Letters about England, Holland and Italy

Europe and French Fashion

98

44.

Friedrich Schlegel, Journey to France

Europe Between Decline and Renewal

99

45.

Charles-Irénée Castel de Saint Pierre, Project for Perpetual Peace in Europe

The Linguistic Wealth of Europe

101

46.

Novalis, Christianity, or Europe

Spiritual Advent

102

47.

Louis-Antoine Caraccioli, Paris, the Model of Foreign Nations, or French Europe

The Café: The European Place for Socialising

104

48.

Johann Gottfried Herder, Ideas on the Philosophy of the History of Humanity

Happiness in Europe

107

49.

Germaine de Staël, Germany

The Origins of European Unity

109

50.

José Cadalso, Moroccan Letters

European Diversity Through the Foreign Gaze

110

51.

William Robertson, The History of the Reign of the Emperor Charles V

Navigation and Commercial Exchanges

112

52.

Johann Gottfried Herder, Ideas on the Philosophy of the History of Humanity

Europe and its Long History of Migration

115

53.

William Robertson, The History of the Reign of the Emperor Charles V

Union in Diversity

117

54.

Diego de Torres Villarroel, ‘Sonnet’, in The Muse’s Distractions

Europe, A Political Whole

118

55.

Louis-Antoine Caraccioli, Amusing and Moral Letters

What are Europeans like?

119

56.

James Boswell, Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides

To Be Cosmopolitan

120

57.

Louis-Antoine Caraccioli, Paris, the Model of Foreign Nations, or French Europe

French Style in Europe

121

58.

David Hume, ‘Essay VII. Of the Balance of Power’

The Balance of Power and Future Peace

122

59.

José Cadalso, Moroccan Letters

A Republic of the Wise

125

60.

Jean-Charles-Léonard Simonde de Sismondi, Historical View of the Literature of the South of Europe

Europe’s Future in the Slow Lane

126

61.

Germaine de Staël, Germany

The Union of Philosophers

128

62.

Louis-Antoine-Léon de Saint-Just, Speech, 3 March 1794

A New Idea in Europe

129

63.

Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat de Condorcet, Outlines of an Historical View of the Progress of the Human Mind

A Humanitarian Vision

130

64.

Jean-François Melon, Political Essay on Commerce

Towards the Balance of Powers

131

65.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Considerations on the Government of Poland

Towards Cultural Uniformity

132

66.

José Cadalso, Moroccan Letters

Europe and Africa

133

67.

Immanuel Kant, Idea for a Universal History from a Cosmopolitan Point of View

Fulfilling Nature’s Aims

135

68.

Napoleon Bonaparte, quoted by Emmanuel-Auguste-Dieudonné-Marius de Las Cases, Memorial of Saint-Helena

Governing Europe?

137

69.

Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat de Condorcet, Outlines of an Historical View of the Progress of the Human Mind

Know the World and Make it a Better Place

138

70.

Benjamin Constant, On the Spirit of Conquest and Usurpation in Respect of European Civilisation

An End to Wars in Europe?

140

71.

Napoleon Bonaparte, quoted by Emmanuel-Auguste-Dieudonné-Marius de Las Cases, Memorial of Saint-Helena

Visions of the Future

142

72.

José Cadalso, Letter from José Cadalso to Tomás de Iriarte

A Critique of Eurocentrism

143

73.

Napoleon Bonaparte, quoted by Emmanuel-Auguste-Dieudonné-Marius de Las Cases, Memorial of Saint Helena

Political Hegemony and European Union

144

74.

Alexandre-Frédéric-Jacques de Masson de Pezay, Helvetic, Alsatian and Franc-Comtois Vigils

Europe without Frontiers

146

75.

Jean-Charles-Léonard Simonde de Sismondi, Historical View of the Literature of the South of Europe

Multiple Influences

147

76.

Jean de Müller, Letter 80, January 1778

What Future for Europe?

148

77.

Benjamin Constant, The Liberty of the Ancients Compared with that of the Moderns

The Character of Modern Exchanges

150

78.

Pierre-Simon Laplace, An Exposition of the System of the World

Unity through Measures

152

79.

Victor Hugo, The Rhine

The Franco-German Couple as the Pillars of Peace in Europe

153

Bibliography

157

Didier Robert de Vaugondy, Universal Atlas (1737), map no.14. © Bibliothèques-Médiathèques de Metz ATR 5132.