Edition and Translation of clm 4610

Today, Ovid’s famous work is one of the touchstones of ancient literature, but we have only a handful of scraps and quota� ons to show how the earliest medieval readers received and discussed the poems—un� l the Munich Bayerische Staatsbibliothek clm 4610. This commentary, which dates from around the year 1100 is the fi rst systema� c study of the Metamorphoses, founding a tradi� on of scholarly study that extends to the present day.


Clm 4610
Since many things can be investigated regarding the origin of any book, the moderns -who take delight in a certain brevity -have stated that chiefly three things should be investigated, that is: the subject matter, the author's intention and to which part of philosophy the work belongs. When we say 'to which part', it is clear that philosophy is something whole, from which parts can be derived. Let us now first treat the etymology of the word itself. Once they were named sophi, that is 'the wise ones', but Pythagoras who considered this too arrogant put forth a kind of remedy, that is philos, which is love. From this a philosopher is a lover of wisdom. Thus far we have treated the etymology of the word. Let us now say what the thing itself is.
Philosophy is an art that is either natural or artificial. Natural philosophy is that which is present in everybody, such as to walk or to talk. Artificial philsophy is that which is taught by a master and learned by a pupil. And the artifical is divided into two parts: the non-literary and literary. The non-literary is for instance to sew, to plough. The literary, which could be said to be the true philosophy, is divided into three: physics, logic and ethics.
Physin in Greek is nature in Latin. From this natural physics, which is divided into four parts: geometry, arithmethic, music and astronomy. For Ge in Greek is earth in Latin. A measuring is called ometria. From this geometry is a measuring of the earth. Ares in Greek is virtue in Latin. Methica is number. From this arithmetic is the virtue of the number. Mosin in Greek is water in Hebrew. From this music is called aquatic, since every voice is made from moisture and a repercussion of the air. Astronomy, that is the science of the stars.
Logic is divided into three: grammar, rhetoric and dialectics. Gramma in Greek is letter in Latin. Whence grammaticus [means] literate. Rhetor in Greek is orator in Latin. Dia in Greek is two in Latin, logos is speech. From this dialectics is speech between two.
Ethics is divided into two: good and bad customs. For ethis in Greek is customs in Latin. Whence ethics is moral.
Omnis auctor uel dragmatice uel exegematice uel cinomitice. 'Dragmaticon' id est fabulosum, et est ubi introducte persone locuntur, 30 ut Terentii. 'Exagematicon' id est enarratiuum, ubi auctor loquitur, <ut> Priscianus. Tercium genus poematis est 'cinomenticon', id est commune, ut Ouidius iste scribit. The intention of Ovid and of all writers of stories, as well as that of Terence, is mainly to delight and by delighting to teach morals, since almost all authors strive towards ethics. Ovid brings us this usefulness, since, although the stories were treated in other books, they were forgotten, until Ovid elucidated and explained. We also benefit by his example of beautiful composition of words.
Quandam uero intentionem possimus dare poeti [u] But we might attribute another intention to the poets, namely that they are the reprovers and imitators of the Latin language.
[Here] starts Ovid's book of Metamorphoses. Meta, that is 'about'. Morphoseos, that is 'of transformations'. Morphoseos is a Greek genitive and meta a preposition attached to it, and it should be ablative. For the Greeks use the genitive for the ablative. CONTINUOUS SONG. He means uninterrupted. 1:4 BREATHE ON MY UNDERTAKINGS, that is may you wish to breath on 1:3 them. May you wish that I tell the stories from the beginning of the world to the time of Augustus Caesar and Domitian. For Ovid lived in the time of Augustus Caesar and Domitian. He does not say 'continuous song' because he writes all stories from the beginning of the world to his own time, but because in this book and in his other books he intended to include the greater part of the stories. BEFORE THE SEA AND, that is before this that is only sea, had been 1:5 divided as it is now. AND THE LANDS. He puts 'lands' in the plural and not 'sea' because the 1:5 division of the lands is more known to us than the division of the seas, since the whole habitable earth is divided into three parts.
AND THE SKY THAT COVERS ALL. The sky, which is pure fire, covers the 1:5 other elements. THERE WAS ONE FACE that today is ON THE ENTIRE ORB OF NATURE, that is 1:6 of the entire creation. ' [One] face' is well said, because at that time every element seemed to be joined together.
YET NO TITAN. Titan, or Titanus, is said to have been a giant and to 1:10 have slept with earth and engendered many titans, who fought against the gods. Among them were the Sun and Diana and, since they did not agree with their other brothers, they gained the heavenly chariots. This is according to one story, but according to another they were the children of Jupiter and Latona.
AMPHITRIDES is a name for Neptune, from amphi, that is 'around', and 1:14 trident. For he has a trident on account of the three characteristics of AMPHITRIDES dicitur Neptunus, ex 'amphi', id est circum, et tridente. water. Water is flowing, mobile and has the ability to clean. It cleans and is not cleansed. THE AIR LACKING LIGHT, since it can be imbued from every side by its 1:17 own light. But it [cannot imbue] the earth and other things, except for their surfaces, and therefore he says 'air lacking light'. THIS STRIFE GOD, AND THE BETTER NATURE, that is the will of God, the 1:21 son of God, SETTLED. And thus with respect to the effect, that is according to those, who realized that nothing can happen to God, so that he would become 'better'. It is said about Jesus: 'The boy Jesus advanced in wisdom and age and grace with God and men'. 1 FREED, that is separated, FROM THE BLIND HEAP. With respect to us he 1:24 says 'from the blind'. HE UNITED IN HARMONIOUS PEACE THINGS SEPARATED WITH REGARD TO 1:25 PLACE. Fire is sharp, fine, mobile. Air is fine, mobile, blunt. Water is mobile, blunt, solid. Earth is blunt, solid and immobile. Air has from fire that which is fine and mobile, from earth that which is blunt. Water has from earth that which is blunt and solid, from fire that which is mobile. THE EARTH HEAVIER THAN THESE DRAGGED THE LARGER ELEMENTS 1:29 ALONG, that is to say: tree trunks, stones and other things that are parts of the earth. THE FLOWING WATER OCCUPIED THE LAST PLACE and ENCLOSED THE SOLID 1:30 ORB, that is the earth, since if water did not enclose the earth, the earth would be soluble and sandy.  130 T h e B a va r i a n C o m m e n t a r y a n d O v i d HE ADDED BOTH SPRINGS AND POOLS. A pool (stagnum) is standing 1:38 water (stans aqua), that is quite a large lake, or it is some water from which water does not flow out. But a lake is also a place of water, and a lake is smaller than a pool. Or it is water, from which other water cannot flow further. SCARCELY THUS FROM THE BOUNDS. 5 'Scarcely' (vix) for soon (mox). The 1:69 god of gods ALLOTED this to the winds. And NOT EVERYWHERE, that is, 1:57 not in such a way that everyone directed their steps at will, that is to say so that they went 'everywhere'. Everywhere (passim) derives from step (passus), and if it were thus that they ran from one part of the world or the orb, nothing would stand in their way.
THE STARS OCCUPIED THE CELESTIAL, that is the twelve animal signs 1:73 'occupied the celestial' FLOOR, AND THE FORMS OF THE GODS. He calls the planets 'the forms of the gods'.
MAN WAS BORN. Here he turns to the stories and offers two views on 1:78 how man was created in the beginning after the separation of the elements.
[THE EARTH] WHICH THE SON OF IAPETUS. Prometheus and his son were, 1:81 are and shall be gods before man had been created, and this is according to the philosophers.  THAT HAD FALLEN. Oaks are said to be sacred to Jupiter, 1:106 since on top of them he gave an oracle reply in the Dodonian forest, where he was raised. SPREADING, since it is open for all to enter and respond. 1:106 AFTER SATURN HAD BEEN SENT to TARTARUS by Jupiter or naturally. He 1:113 does not mention the rest since there was no one as good as Saturn, satisfying man. STREAMS NOW OF MILK NOW STREAMS OF NECTAR. Nectar is pure honey 1:111 and sweet, which the gods are said to enjoy, because they are in possession of eternal sweetness and pleasure, and this is natural philosophy. THROUGH WINTERS AND SUMMERS. He says 'winters', 'summers' and 1:117 'autumns' in the plural, because each one contains three months. The first month of spring is called new spring, the second fullgrown spring, the third mature spring, and so with all the others, that is to say, the first month of winter 'new' and in this way with the others. By 'autumns' he understands spring and autumn, since they are similar holding both cold and warmth, but they are 'unequal', that is dissimilar, since when autumn is warm in its beginning and cold toward its end, it is the opposite with spring, and therefore he says UNEVEN AUTUMNS. KEELS THAT HAD STOOD UPON THE HIGH MOUNTAINS, with regard to the 1:133 material. 6 ASTRAEA, that is Justice, since even though man brings injustice to 1:150 man, justice follows, which recently no one showed.
Caesaries (locks), is fitting for men and is said to be from caedo (to cut 1:180 off). Comae (hair) is fitting for women.
[EACH] OF THE SERPENT-FOOTED [WAS IN ACT] TO LAY. Giants are said to 1:184 have had snake-legs, not being able to rise from the ground, and this signifies those who always cling to earthly things. Stygian swamp, who once helped the gods above against the giants. This gift was given also to her mother, so that no one may swear falsely by them. Or in another way: the gods or anyone fear to swear falsely by Styx, since they fear that -since pleasure and sorrow are opposite -if they should swear falsely by Styx, where sorrow is, they would be punished by Styx so that pleasure would be lost.
ALL SHOULD FIRST BE TRIED by me, that is: I will first try everything and 1:190 I will not only try, but I will even cut away THE INCURABLE BODY. He says this so that he later can show that almost everywhere ruled the FURIE. YOU SHOULD DEEM IT A CONSPIRACY OF CRIME. He must be firm, 1:242 since he swore by the destruction of human kind. since it can be turned both ways, can have an axis, that is a hypothetical line, in both directions. SEPARATES THE AONIAN. Aonia is a region next to Thebes. PHOCIS is a 1:313 city that separates the Thebans FROM THE ACTAEIAN FIELDS, that is from the Athenians.
AND RISING UP WITH this MUREX. Murex is the colour close to the shore, 1:332 or the colour that comes from the blood of fish, namely shell-fish. FROM THIS WHEN taking a little (libantes). Libo, that is 'to take', that is to 1:371 receive a little of something, whence it is said: 'she takes kisses'. Note: But it should not be understood that he drank water.
BY THE HUSBAND'S PROPHECY and the Titanian, that is Pyrrha, born 1:395 from the race of titans.
THEY WERE CHANGED FOR THE USE OF THE BODY, since no body is 1:408 destroyed quicker than flesh. 7 THE ONE THAT CAUSES IS GOLDEN, since it seems beautiful to him who 1:470 loves, but for the one who does not love, love is LEAD, that is to say a burden.
I AM NO SHEPHERD. Here, he touches upon four things that go well with 1:513 love -wealth, nobility, wisdom, beauty -explaining three of them, but he does not explain beauty, since Daphne FLEES from Phoebus who WAS GOING TO SAY MORE. BY THE AUGUST DOOR-POSTS THE SAME MOST TRUSTY GUARDIAN. The 1:562 laurel is said to be a guardian from its similarity, since like a guardian guards the doors, so a laurel was placed before the doors on account of its good smell. AND YOU SHALL WATCH OVER THE MIDDLE OAK. From now on the 1:563 common people will be crowned with oak, with which first the nobles were crowned. But only the nobles [are crowned] with laurel, and therefore he says 'you shall watch over the middle oak', that is the common one, since everyone used to receive it together. 'You shall watch over', that is: you shall be more worthy than the oak. And this is said from the similarity, since he who watches over someone, is more worthy than he.  [HORSES] PYROÏS, that is 'shining', EOÜS 2:153 that is 'warming', AETHON 'burning', PHLEGON that is 'being tepid'. These kinds of horses are rightly attributed to the sun, since these four 9 This seems to be an euhemeristic explanation where Doris and her daughters are thought to represent a king and his army, but the explanation is expressed in an obscure manner. 10 About the divsion of time by the means of the zodiac signs (12 signs for 24 hours, thus half a sign for one hour). 11 i.e. it is good that Titan assigns the job to the hours since they (as opposed to e.g. the stars) are there all the time. He means the wife of Oceanus, Tethys, whose granddaughter was the wife of Peleus, mother of Achilles. THE REVERENCE FOR THEM MOVED the ones above, that is to say the 2:510 other gods held Oceanus and Thetys in the greatest reverence. BUT IF THE SCORN AGAINST YOUR WOUNDED FOSTER-DAUGHTER AFFECTS 2:527 YOU. Foster-daughter is well said, since Juno, that is thick air, was raised by Thetis and Oceanus. That is to say thick air is created from moisture, and this is according to natural philosophy. It has also been said above that Iris was the messenger of Juno, that is [messenger] of thick air. That is to say that just as thick air is understood here as Juno, so it is also to be understood above, since when or as often as Iris appears it refers to thick air. Moneta, because, when the Senonic Gauls were destroying Rome and wanted to capture the Capitol, she warned (moneo) the Romans through the goose; nor to that inanimate one made of silver, which later was made or placed in Juno's temple.
THE PHOEBEAN [BIRD] SENSED THE ADULTERY. The raven is called 2:545 phoebean, that is consecrated to Phoebus, since it foretells the coming of a storm, just as Phoebus tells the future, the past and the present. WHEN SHE WAS CHASTE OR UNDETECTED, that is corrupt and not 2:544 watched over, since many women are chaste and still not watched over.
PALLAS [ENCLOSED] ERICHTHONIUS. When Pallas made Athens she was 2:553 very pleasing to Vulcan, who wanted to sleep with her, but when Pallas rejected or refused him the semen fell from Vulcan on the ground, from which Erichthonius was created. But some say that Erichthonius was a giant, who wanted to sleep with Pallas in the forest. She placed a cloud between them. He, thinking that he was having intercourse with her, ejected his semen on the ground or into the cloud, which she took up and put in a chest. From this Erichthonius was created, next to whom she placed a snake to nurture him.
TO THE DAUGHTERS OF TWIN-BORN CECROPS. Cecrops is called 2:555 two-bodied since he had two kingdoms, namely the Athenian and the Lacedaimonian. A SERPENT STRETCHED OUT. From the waist down Erichthonius was a 2:561 serpent and this is why he says 'a serpent stretched out', that is the serpent was joined with half of Erichthonius's body.
BUT, I BELIEVE, NOT BEYOND. Not only, CAN THIS, which I have said, 2:566 ADVISE you NOT TO SEEK OUT DANGERS with your own voice, but I BELIEVE that this could HAVE ADVISED you not to go. That is to say, the fact that Pallas HERSELF SEEKS -for sought -ME I mean, WHO IS NOT ASKING MORE AND NOT FOR ANY SUCH THING, namely that I should be in her CARE. And even though SHE SOUGHT ME and not I her, she nevertheless rejected me. Lords usually tend less to those whom they ask to be in their care than to those who freely attach themselves to them on account of their usefulness. The crow therefore says this because the raven could reproach it: "O crow, I do not fear that anything bad will come to me through my lord Phoebus, since I am very close to him." Or, alternatively, the raven could say to it: "You approached her without being asked and therefore she rejected you." And the crow: "I cornix, ego non timeo aliquid mali mihi fore a domino meo Phebo, quia multum familiaris ego sum ei. 340 Vel aliter posset dicere ei coruus: Tu sine rogatu accessisti et ideo proiecit te. Et cornix: Amputo, id est destituo quod dicis, quia IPSA PETIIT ME NON VLTRA, id est non mea sponte. cut you off," that is, "I disregard what you say, since she personally sought me -no more," that is, "not because I asked for it." Or alternatively the raven says: "She has reproached you and she will receive you again." And the crow: "You think she will receive me, but I THINK THAT SHE WILL NOT SEEK ME ANYMORE AT ALL," that is "in vain," "ASKING FOR SUCH A THING," that is, "that she will receive me." [The raven] says: "If she does not receive you -she reproached you back then both for infidelity and fidelity." "YOU MAY," that is you are allowed to, "ASK THIS OF PALLAS: whether she expelled me for my infidelity or my fidelity, since ALTHOUGH SHE WAS ANGERED," et cetera. 12 Centaur in Greek. In Latin it is called 'horse'. Hippolytos was accused by his mother-in-law Phaedra in front of his father Theseus, since when as a boy he was asked by Phaedra to sleep with her and he refused, she told Theseus that he had asked her about this, but that she had rejected him. When Theseus heard this he asked Neptune, his grandfather, to act against Hippolytus, his son. Later when Hippolytos was going along the sea, Neptune brought forth phocae, that is sea-calves, all over the sea. The horses became terrified because of the sea-calves and carried him to the shore, where he fell and was killed by them.
And since Hippolytos loved chastity, Diana, the virgin, brought his spirit back from the underworld, she asked Aesculapius to revive him 12 In this explanation two lines of dialogue between the crow and the raven in Met. is explained by rearranging the sentence in Met. and paraphrasing (the first parahprase starts after the dash, with sed (but), which is a synonym for at (but). The situation is made more difficult by the fact that the Met. text (and, as it seems, the commentary) has several different readings here, e.g. two different tenses in petit and petiit. In the second part of this explanation the commentary explores the birds relations to their masters with potential arguments and counter-arguments. In doing so it tries a new reading, namely amputo (I curtail) instead of at puto (but I think). Britons had been conquered Julius Caesar brought some prisoners to Rome and ordered curtains to be made for the theatre. While they made these curtains they painted their pictures on it, so that it would be a sign that the Britons were to make these curtains hereafter on account of their debt.
FOR THE FIVE REMAINING, ONE OF WHICH WAS ECHION. For Ogygius was 3:126 one of the five that had survived, he who helped build Thebes, from this Bacchus is called the Theban Ogygius.
MARS AND VENUS HAVE BECOME YOUR PARENTS-IN-LAW. This is 3:132 Hermione. She was the daughter of Mars and Venus and the wife of Caduceus. Caduceus is the staff of Mercury. <Monychean. Monychus was a giant and he is said to have helped with the construction of the walls of Athens. 17 > THE RUMOUR WAS UNCERTAIN, that is there was a rumour about the 3:253 death of Actaeon, but yet there was some hesitation about whether she had done good or bad. Some praised [her] and some not. ONLY JUPITER'S WIFE DID NOT SPEAK SO MUCH TO APPROVE or TO BLAME, 3:256 AS SHE REJOICED IN THE DISASTER, that is she does not speak so as to blame or praise, but she rejoices.

SHE CARRIES IN THE WOMB AND [WISHES TO BE MADE] A MOTHER, WHICH 3:269
HAS BARELY HAPPENED TO ME ALONE (UNI) or WITH ONE (UNO). If we say that Juno says 'which has barely happened to me, Juno, alone' (uni) that I have been made a mother from Jupiter, although many others have been made mothers -then we will say that Ovid does not abstain from corrupting the stories. Or [Juno says] 'that has happened to me with one' (uno), that is with Vulcan, whom she had from Jupiter, so that she is a mother.
She is said to have eaten lettuce and from this to have given birth to Hebe. Hebe is said to have been transferred to heaven, to be Jupiter's cupbearer, but since Juno, according to reality, had Hebe from some Here it is to be understood that the air is made from moisture. BEHOLD, THE BLOODIED RETURN. They are called 'bloodied', since they 3:572 had gravely tortured some of Bacchus' servants. THEY CREEP UP AND THE SAILS ARE ADORNED WITH HEAVY CLUSTERS. 3:665 Clusters are the fruits of the ivy.
When Bacchus returned from India with his army through Libya he asked Jupiter, his father, to provide water for his army, who was thirsting in Libya. Jupiter, appearing in the guise of a ram, showed his son Bacchus a spring and for this reason Bacchus made him a temple there, in which Jupiter, called Hammon in their language, is portrayed with horns in the shape of a ram. Bacchus is portrayed there, but not with horns and therefore YOUR HEAD IS VIRGINLIKE WHEN YOU STAND 4:19 HERE WITHOUT HORNS. Bacchus is called 'horned' when he is angered and goes to battle. Theseus was the son of Egeus and Thetys, Achilles' mother. When he after a drawing of lots was sent to king Minos on the island of Crete, he started to threaten him bragging that he was the son of Thetys. Angered by this Minos threw his ring into the ocean and said to Theseus: 'If you do not retrieve this to me, you are not the son of Thetys and you shall not go unpunished'. After this had been said Theseus went to the seashore. He asked his mother to retrieve the king's ring for him. His mother immediately brought him the ring and furthermore she gave him a crown, which he later gave to Ariadne. This crown Bacchus later transferred to heaven in honour of Ariadne. This is testified by St Jerome. people see the moon undergo an eclipse, they believe that Thessalian women bewitch it so that when descending to the ground it spits on the grass, from which they make a poison. And therefore the people grab and strike this [copper], so that the moon will not hear the incantations of the Thessalians. But they do this 'in vain', since the moon does not suffer their incantations. Or 'in vain', since they strike the copper and still the moon descends to the earth to spit on the grass because of the the incantations. with Lycaon and certain others. He responds: since they were transformed in darkness. TITYOS offers HIS INNARDS. Tityos was a giant who wanted to sleep 4:457 with Latona. Latona killed him with a scorpion. For this reason he suffers the punishment in the underworld that a vulture eats his liver. Or Phoebus killed him, since he was the son of Latona.
NO WATER IS CAUGHT BY YOU, TANTALUS. Tantalus, Jupiter's son and 4:458 Pelops's father, invited the gods to a feast and offered to them his son Pelops, to eat, because he wanted to test their divinity. Pallas arrived before the others and ate Pelops's shoulder. When everyone had arrived Jupiter realised that it was human flesh and they did not eat. And in place of the eaten shoulder that had been eaten he made an ivory shoulder. For this reason Tantalus was placed in the underworld. Since he had a pole under his throat he could not drink from the water that touched his beard, and he could not eat from the apples touching his nose, since they escaped upwards when he wanted to take them with his mouth. Corals are a species that is red stone. It is thin in 4:750 the manner of a slender stalk and it is found by the sea. But he incredibly says that it is a stalk under water and a stone above.
PEGASUS AND HIS BROTHERS. Pegasus and many serpents were born 4:786 from the blood of the Gorgon. AND NOW ALSO TO [SCARE] THE TERRIFIED SHE not only CHANGED her 4:801 locks INTO SERPENTS, but she also now carries the serpents ON THE FRONT OF HER BREAST. Perseus knew for sure that he was going to give the head of the Gorgon to Pallas. Therefore Ovid says that she already carried it 'on her breast', that is on the cuirass, which in former times was carried on the breast only. Or Ovid did not care about the order of the stories.

SHE WAS SNATCHED FROM YOU at THE MOMENT WHEN SHE WAS GOING TO 5:19
PERISH, and therefore you should be still, UNLESS you are so CRUEL as to demand THIS, that is to say THAT SHE PERISHES et cetera. 19 HERE STARTS BOOK V TRINACRIAN. Sicily is called 'Trinacrian' since it has three 5:347 promontories: Scylla -which was made stone from a living beingagainst which ships break up, and Charybdis and Etna. Or since it has three mountain-ridges above its three ports, or from three trades from the ports, which used to be big there. given oracle reply on this island of Delos, but on the one next to mount Parnassus, which is said to be in the middle of the world. 'Quail', that is Asteria, who was Latona's sister, with whom Jupiter wanted to sleep. Delos is called Ortygian since the quail (ortygia) was transformed into the island.
Siren in Greek, in Latin it is called 'to attract' (attraho). From this also 5 TWO TIMES SIX HEAVENLY, that is the twelve gods were the judges 6:72 between Pallas and Neptune there. THE OTHER [SHOWS] THE PYGMAEAN, that is 'of the Pygmaean', that is 6:90 she who was the mother of the earlier people, who are called Pygmies. Or it is the proper name of the queen of the Pygmies.
AND HE [EMBRACING] THE STEPS OF THE TEMPLE. When the daughters of 6:99 Cinyras forbade people in the temple of Juno to sacrifice to Juno, they were all transformed into 'the steps of the temple'. And also their father was transformed into steps. SHE ALSO FORMED ASTERIA. Jupiter wanted to sleep with Asteria, who 6:108 was Latona's sister, but she fled and was made into a quail. He, as an eagle, followed her, until she was transformed into a cliff. In the shape of a satyr he ravished Antiopa, Nycteus's daughter. AMPHITRYO. Alcmena was the mother of Hercules and the wife of 6:112 Amphitryo. In the shape of Amphitryo Jupiter appeared three nights in a row, but not during the day, and slept with Alcmena. And she is called TIRYNTHIA from the city Tirynthia. AS A FLAME he had commanded THE ASOPID, that is Aegina, daughter 6:113 of the river Asopus. JUPITER, father of Tantalus. 6:176 Neptune in the shape of the river Enipeus slept with the daugther of 6:115 Aloeus. YOU BEGET THE ALOIDS, Zethus and Ephialtes. According to popular 6:117 belief they were the sons of Aloeus and Mennoside. They grew one cubit each month. However, in reality they were the sons of Neptune.
ALSO AS FATHER-IN-LAW. Jupiter was the father of Amphion, the 6:176 husband of Niobe. ENTRUSTED TO MY AND MY HUSBAND'S LYRE et cetera. Cadmus founded 6:178 Thebes, but Amphion enlarged it. And he is even said to have moved stones for the construction of the walls with his lyre. But in reality this was nothing other than that Amphion, being a learned man, taught the unskilled men to build the city. For a city is an assembly of men with the purpose of living according to the law. HE SPREADS THE SAILS, that is he expands them so as to be able to flee 6:233 quicker. HE HANGING FORWARD, AS HE WAS, OVER THE FREED LEGS, that is the 6:237 running [legs], since when a horse runs, then by moving its legs very much it also draws its feet back to itself. 22 WHOM THE TRITONIAN. Pallas began playing on a flute and pipes to 6:384 delight her father, Jupiter. When the other gods saw this they began to laugh at her inflated cheeks. Whereupon she went to the Tritonian swamp, because she wanted to see if this was unbecoming of her, and there she played just as she had played for Jupiter before. And she saw that she was ugly on account of her inflated cheeks. Therefore she threw the flute in the Tritonian swamp. Marsyas later took this [flute] and challenged Apollo to a contest. And when he was defeated he was flayed by Apollo. AND THE BROTHER SATYRS AND THEN ALSO THE CLEAR OLYMPUS, that is 6:393 those living next to Olympus. He calls it 'clear' since it rises above the clouds. All these were crying, since Marsyas had delighted them a lot with his song. AND [WHOEVER] TENDED TO THE WOOL-BEARING HERD AND THE OX-6:395 HORNED CATTLE, that is all cattle are called 'ox-horned' (bucera), from whose horns a trumpet (bucina), that is a horn, can be made.

AND NOT
AND CALYDON NOT YET HATEFUL TO FIERCE DIANA, but later it was 6:415 hateful to Diana, since the king of Calydon did not sacrifice to her when he had sacrificed to all the other gods. Therefore Diana sent a terrible wild-boar that laid everything to waste. And thus the first of the new crops, which had not been sacrificed to her, could not be sacrificed to the others. RITES. Triennial is composed of 'three' and theron, that is 'yearly'. And it is called the triennial festivity of Bacchus and of his brother Apollo, either since is takes place during three nights, or three times a year, or after three years. After Itys was eaten by his father he was turned into a pheasant, which 6:652 can be read elsewhere.

HERE STARTS BOOK SEVEN
AND NOW THE MINYANS. Minyae is a plurale tantum. Or 'Minya' is 7:1 named after the land, or from a practice, or from redness, since they had red hair, just as cinnabar (red lead). In the same way Phoenicians are called Punics from a practice, since they first made capital letters with cinnabar. And therefore they are called Punics, that is red ones.
PEGASEAN from the city Pegasum. The city next to which Argo was 7:1 made is named Pegasum. Or according to some Argo is called 'Pegasean', since Pegasus was painted on it.
Aeson and Pelias were brothers, but Pelias, not having any sons just daughters, feared that as an old man he and his daugthers would be thrown out of their kingdom by Jason, his nephew and Aeson's son. And therefore he sent his nephew Jason to get the golden fleece, so that he would perish there, since he had heard that it could not be acquired without great danger to one's life.
PHINEUS HAD BEEN SEEN, supply 'by the Argonauts'. Phineus was a rich 7:3 man who had two sons from his now dead wife. These he blinded on the instigation of their stepmother, this stepmother was called Nubes. Therefore the gods were angered and deprived him of his sight and placed with him three harpies, called Aello, Celaeno, Ocypete, who were to pollute all his food. When Hercules and the Argonauts came to this Phineus, Hercules took the harpies off him and commanded the fugarent. Qui usque ad Strophados insulas eas fugauerunt, qui aureum uellus rapiendum uenerunt. goddess. They could not stay with him because of oppression from their step-mother, Ino. And when they were departing and came to the sea, their mother gave them a ram that had a golden fleece and could walk on water as well as on land, so that they might cross the sea sitting on it and she warned them that the one who looked back would be drowned. Since Helle looked back, she was drowned, wherefore the sea into which she fell is called the Hellespont. Phrixus crossed the sea between Sestos and Abydus and came to the island of Colchis and there he consecrated or sacrificed the ram to Mars. When the ram had been sacrificed it was transformed into a heavenly sign. The fleece was placed in the top of a tree and is guarded by a serpent wrapped around it, so that the fleece cannot be carried away, because, if it were to be carried away, then the centre of the world would not be there, but in the place where the fleece would be.
MY SISTER'S VOWS STAND WITH ME, that is I want the same as my sister, 7:54 and she the same as I. He once omitted to tell how the serpent, whose teeth he had sown, was enchanted, therefore he completes [the story] now. However, some say that the one whose teeth he sowed was one [serpent] and the one who guarded the tree another.
And THEY BEGGED THE PRICE WITHOUT A LIMIT. She begged Medea to 7:306 agree to a price that would be without a limit, that is unlimited money, so that she would make her father young. whose oracle she was, spurred by anger sent a beast of pestilence to the region where the oracle had been killed. And although, as I have said above, this oracle uttered prophetic verses obscurely, the Naiads nevertheless came and interpreted them. Indeed her VERSES WERE UNDERSTOOD by THE GENIUS OF the people, the PREVIOUS interpretators, although badly.
A HELMET CRESTED WITH FEATHERS. He refers to the feathers of the 8:25 helmet, or to the threads tied to the top of the helmet like feathers, or to a tail tied there. THE THIRD LOT AFTER YEARS. Here it should be understood that Minos 8:171 had already come to Athens and subdued it and imposed a law, so that every third year they had to offer him a large number of bodies for the need of the Minotaur. HE SENT TO HEAVEN. Some say that, when Theseus married Phaedra 8:179 and left Ariadne -with whose help he had overcome the Minotaur -by the sea shore, Bacchus had intercourse with Ariadne. After the embrace he gave her the crown he wore on his head and that thereafter he placed both the crown he had given her and Ariadne herself in heaven. But some say, which seems better, that this crown was taken from Ariadne's head and that Theseus had given it to her.

IT IS IN THE MIDDLE OF THE KNEELER. '
Of the kneeler', that is of Hercules 8:182 kneeling. One day when Hercules was going to kill the Hydra he first kneeled down to the gods and prayed. And since such a great man had deigned to humble himself, the gods transferred also his image to heaven. Some say that 'of the Kneeler' refers to Perseus, whose image is also said to be in heaven, since he prayed to the gods when he freed Andromeda who was promised to the serpent. OF THE SERPENT-8:182 HOLDER, that is of the Serpentarius, which is what Ophiuchus is called. MEANWHILE DAEDALUS. According to Manegold Daedalus once gave 8:183 Theseus a sword and pitched balls following Ariadne's advice. With these balls the immortal Minotaur was killed by Theseus. Therefore Minos confined Daedalus in this house following Ariadne's advice, but since the house lacked a roof he escaped with wings given to him by the king's servants, who always served him his meals.
[AFTER] IT WAS FITTED, THE ARTISAN BALANCED ON DOUBLE WINGS. He 8:201 does not say that he flew already, but that it seems that he can fly away in the same manner, just as he says later in the book: LIFTED he did not want [to participate] in Polynices' war. His wife exposed him after a necklace had been given her.
AND CAENEUS NOT NOW A WOMAN. He was once a woman, and since 8:305 she cried a lot because of Neptune's violence when sleeping with her, Neptune said that he would give her whatever she wanted, if she stopped crying. And since she preferred to become a man, she lost her female nature. AND THE HAND OF THE OENEAN WAVERS. Namely in throwing now one 8:414 spear and now another. TO JOIN RIGHT HAND WITH RIGHT HAND. Just as soldiers after a victory 8:421 kiss each other on account of joy, so too did they. Meleager's right hand was joined to his right hand.
THEY PANELLED THE TOP, that is they curve the top of the house. SHELL-8:564 FISH curve the ceiling of the house in the manner of a panel-ceiling. This house is said to have a panel-ceiling that has something like a lake in the middle of the roof, just as the houses whose beams and terrace have been raised towards the roof. Calydon. FOR even THAT YOU BOAST THAT ALCMENA IS YOUR MOTHER. It could be 9:23 continued thus: Truly these [things] that do not exist in me, o Hercules, but in you, ought not to hurt me but you, since the fact that you boast that you are sprung from your mother Alcmena through copulation with Jupiter will hurt you. And it will hurt you since JUPITER IS EITHER 9:24 YOUR FALSE FATHER OR YOUR TRUE FATHER by CRIME, but if it is true that it is by crime, then you CLAIM YOUR FATHER THROUGH ADULTERY. 9:25 AND I HELD MY BENT HANDS. A varix is a vein in the earth. This vein, 9:33 when formed in the legs, bends them, and therefore we call curved [hands] uaras (bent). And from this auarus (a greedy person) is named, since he wants to take everything.

ALCIDES [WANTED] TO DRIVE BACK (REICERE). [The syllable
] re-is 9:51 lengthened through poetic license, as though we would say that there are two i here, just as some would have it, so that first the position of double consonants is placed after it (re-). This is not valid, since i is never taken as a double consonant, except for in a non-compund word, such as aio, adicio and obicio and the like.  9:67 Juno sent one snake to his right side and another to his left to kill him, but Hercules strangled both of them. WHICH PART OF THE LERNAEAN. Hydra is the proper name for the 9:69 serpent that Hercules killed in the marsh Lerna. But here an appellative (species name) of a kind of serpent, namely echidna, is used instead of Hydra. DRAGGING [HE FOLLOWS ME] RUNNING. He allowed me to run only a 9:83 little ahead of him, thereafter dragging me, since he followed me who is tied to him. THEY CONSECRATED IT AND BONA COPIA IS RICH THROUGH MY HORN. The 9:88 Naiads consecrated the horn of Achelous and placed it in the temple of the goddess of abundance, who is called bona dea. And the nymph who served Theseus at this feast brought with this horn EVERYTHING 9:91 AUTUMNAL, that is all fruits available in autumn and LUCKY APPLES, 9:92 that is pomegranates. These are called 'lucky', since they are antidotes against poison. AND THE PATERNAL RINGS, that is the wheel onto which Ixion is placed 9:123 in the underworld. THEREFORE I [SLEW] THE DEFILING. Since indeed my soul was born to 9:182 this, to suffer labours, I suffered the labours of this world. 24 BUSIRIS I VANQUISHED et cetera. Busiris, the king of Egypt. After he had 9:183 taken counsel that a guest should be killed in order to restore rain to his land and after a guest had been sacrificed it became the custom to sacrifice guests in the temple. But Hercules killed him, since he (Hercules) was going to be killed in this way.  ', 9:232 since when Hercules had gone with Jason because of the golden fleece, they wanted to be guests at Troy, but were expelled from the beach. And at that time his arrows were there. YOU BID [THE SON OF POEAS] TO CARRY. That is to say he gave 9:233 Philoctetes the bow, quiver and arrows of Hercules. And in reality he gave them so that, after his body had been burned to ashes on the island, he would pile the ashes in the Oete forest. He also made him swear that he would tell no one that his ashes remained on earth, but that they had been transferred to heaven. THE GODS FEARED FOR THE DEFENDER OF THE EARTH. Justly so, since 9:241 Hercules had freed the earth of many monsters. Therefore the gods feared that with him dead the monsters would rise against them.

THAT [I AM CALLED RULER] OF MINDFUL PEOPLE.
Here he calls the gods, 9:245 who are mindful of memorable favours, 'people'. STILL I MYSELF AM OBLIGED. Namely from this I owe you thanks. When 9:248 we do something good towards someone, then we bind to us the one towards whom we have done good, that is we tie him to us as a debtor. BUT LET NOT YOUR FAITHFUL HEART TREMBLE WITH GROUNDLESS FEAR. It 9:248 may be continued thus: You fear, if you ought to fear. Here this fear is groundless, and since groundless, it is therefore of a faithful person, so that your heart will not tremble with groundless fear. 26 THE PATERNAL HATRED but AGAINST THE OFFSPRING. The hatred that 9:274 Eurystheus harboured against Hercules, he later harboured against his son, Iolaus.
BUT TROUBLED BY LENGTHY CONCERNS. Alcmena does not have Iolaus, 9:275 her nephew, to whom SHE DIRECTS HER WOMANISH COMPLAINTS, that is 9:276 regarding the death of Hercules. She could not direct her womanish complaints to Iolaus, because he had fled to the temple of an unknown god, which was in Athens, so that he might escape the punishment of Eurystheus. But SHE HAS IOLE. 9:278 LUCINA AND THE EQUAL JOININGS, that is I CALLED and also others, who 9:294 protect those giving birth, namely those who have the power to bind the womb [so that] the birth [does not] go forth. I invoke the †Hostaldes † so that they will be favourable to me. Or differently: According to the fact that some books have AND THE JOINED GODDESSES, this could be understood as the three Graces, who are joined and who assist those giving birth. That the Graces are joined, that is looking Jocasta was pregnant, Laius, king of the Thebans, saw a unicorn in his sleep that walked out of his chamber and killed him while he was sitting at his table. After this vision had been made known some wise men said that he would be killed by the one to whom Jocasta would give birth. Therefore it was ordered that the boy or girl who was about to be born should be killed. When the boy was born he was not killed by his mother, because he looked beautiful, but well wrapped in swaddling clothes he was thrown into the forest with his feet pierced with led. Some of king Crocalus's men found this boy when they were hunting and they brought him to king Crocalus. [The name] Oedipus was given him and he was made Crocalus's adopted son. When he was an adult and there was war between Crocalus and Laius, Oedipus killed his father. And after Athens had been overcome he took Jocasta, his mother, as his wife. Some say that when Oedipus in play struck Crocalus's own son he called him a 'foundling'. Because of this he asked Crocalus speaking thus: 'Am I your son, or am I a foundling, just as your son says?' After this Crocalus replied to him that he was not his own son, but a foundling. Since this was the case, he tried to find out if every good man he met was his father. Finally he found Laius not in Thebes but in another place and he asked him: 'Are you my father?' Laius arrogantly said: 'Stupid boy, I am not your father, nor do I want to be'. Because of this the enraged Oedipus took his head off with his sword and took both his city and his wife, with whom he had a daughter and two sons, Eteocles and Polynices. But it was made known to him that Iocasta, his wife, was his mother. For one day when Oedipus came out from the bath and Iocasta saw his foot marked by the hot led, she said: 'You are my son'. And when he realised this was true, Oedipus blinded himself and remained in prison for the rest of his life.
His sons Eteocles and Polynices were spiteful and mocked him when he was placed in jail in front of the palace. And since he was provoked by this grief he asked the Eumenids to bring discord among them. They grew discordant to such a degree that one could not suffer the other. Wherefore it was decided between them that for one whole year one would rule and the other would be in exile. city of Argos a great deluge of rain overtook him. When he could not find lodging in any house in this rain, he came at last to one of Adrastus's colonnades and lodged there. Tydeus was in exile, since he had killed his brother, Menalippus, during a hunt, although not willingly. For the custom was to exile whoever killed a relative, even though unwillingly. It happened that Tydeus, threatened by the same rain the same night, although a bit later, entered Argos and came to the same colonnade where he sheltered with Polynices. He quarrelled with him, because their horses started to fight each other. And since Tydeus did not mention his sword, he did not kill him. For in no body so small did such a great virtue hide itself, as in the body of Tydeus.
When king Adrastus could not sleep, both because he was old and because he thought about a reply from Apollo -namely that he would hand over one of his daughters in marriage to a lion and the other to a wild-boar -he heard them quarreling. And when with lighted lanterns he went to see them and stop them, he saw a lion painted on Polynices' shield and a wild-boar on Tydeus's shield. For the custom was that if a great man had done a great deed, then all of his relatives would carry the sign of his greatness, which these two did. Hercules had killed the lion that Polynices carried painted on his shield, since he stemmed from Hercules' lineage. Meleager had killed the wild-boar that Tydeus had painted on his shield, since Meleager was his brother. And since Apollo had spoken about these two, Adrastus understood that he should give his daughter Argia to Polynices and the other he would hand over to Tydeus.
When the time for Polynices' rule was getting close, Tydeus, on his own accord as well as on Argia's request, went to Thebes to Eteocles, so that just as it had been decided he would permit Polynices to rule. And because Eteocles arrogantly and proudly denied that an agreement existed, Tydeus, being bold, both courageously and haughtily called him dishonest and deceitful and left the hall. Eteocles sent some soldiers through one gate, some others through another to a designated place where they would gather. They were fifty. He thought that they would suffer shame if he sent [all of] them at the same time against a single man. By the light of the moon Tydeus found all of them gathered. One of them trew his spear at him. Tydeus [asked] him: 'Who are you? Attack then!' When he saw all of them attacking him and he realised that he could not resist them all, he fled to a rock, where the Sphinx, whom Oedippus killed, had dwelled. Throwing parts of this cliff over them he killed four with one blow and chased away the others. Finally he had delivered all of them to death with his sword, except for one, whom he sent to tell Eteocles about this, or to say this word on his behalf: 'Such as I am, such will all of us ueniemus in arma. Qui omnibus his nunciatis, ne uel uideretur diceretur fugisse timore uite, cultro se interfecit. Adrastus, who grieved the loss of Polynices' kingdom and Tydeus's wound and wanted to lay siege to Thebes with a great army, sent some people to a mountain to take augury. Among them was Amphiaraus, both king and priest. The fact that he had seen eagles fighting with swans, many of which were dead, signified the Thebans; that barely anyone of the eagles escaped signified the besieging kings, of whom barely none survived in the end, except for Adrastus. There were seven kings and these were Adrastus and Polynices, Tydeus, Amphiaraus, Capaneus, Hippomedon, Parthenopaeus.
Amphiaraus understood that he would die there and hid himself in a pit, where he remained for a long time. But his wife, that is to say Eriphyle, begged for an ill-fated necklace from Argia, when Capaneus threatened to destroy every house. This she gave her, but on the condition that she would betray her husband.
The necklace was ill-fated in this way: Venus asked her husband Vulcan to make a necklace for Cadmus's wife Harmonia, whom Venus had had with Mars. When the necklace was finished it happened that bad fortune always came with it, which after Harmonia came to Jocasta. Polynices carried it with him when he came to king Adrastus and he gave it to Argia, his wife. After it had been received by Eriphyle, Amphiaraus was dragged away through his wife's betrayal. And he and the above-mentioned kings went to lay siege to Thebes, whence none of them returned, since they all died there, except for Adrastus. Therefore Alcmaeon, Amphiaraus's son, since he had heard that his father had been destroyed there, killed Eriphyle, his mother, because of the mother's betrayal and took her necklace. Soon Alcmaon was made mad. When his wife Callirhoe saw this she started to demand the necklace from him, which his mother Eriphyle had taken, thinking that he would regain his sanity, since she believed that the illfated necklace hurt more and brought more misfortune when a man owned it rather than a woman. And after she had received the necklace, things happened contrary to what she had hoped, since he was instead killed by his mother's, Eriphyle's, brother, who is called Phegeus. Therefore Callirhoe, who was the wife of Alcmaeon, begged of Jupiter to make the infants she had had from Alcmaeon adults and to strengthen them so that they would avenge their father, or Alcmaeon. Jupiter ordered his firstborn Hebe to give this gift to her, and it was done.
PALLANTIS. Aurora, daughter of Pallas, the wife of Tithonus.  AND NOT BY AMBITION NOR BY ARMS. They were not made youths 9:432 because of 'ambition', that is honour, that it to say so that Hebe still would receive some sort of honour [from this]. 'Nor by arms', that is not for the purpose of a youth using their arms for her gain, sed super factum est. 28 YOU CROSSED THE AEGEAN SEA AND ON ASIAN LAND. A noun, that is in 9:448 the land Asia. Or differently: according to †Teo † Asia was a woman, from whom the land is named. Asis is the name of the people, but it still has the form of a patronymic. 29 HE who HAS BOTH A BEAUTIFUL AND UNFAIR EYE. He is said to have 9:476 unfair eyes, who sees something and should not desire it, still badly desires it. AND ON THE RIDGE WHERE CHIMAERA. Chimera is a mountain on whose 9:647 top lions live, and therefore it is said to have BOTH A LION'S HEAD AND 9:648 CHEST. And in its middle men, who keep a fire, live with goats. And by its foot snakes dwell in a lake. And this is said metaphorically. The serpent advances by hiding, so also excess first advances by hiding, trying to find what it wants. The lion is strong and wanton. If necessary, it displays strength after a commenced pleasure. The goat is stinking and amoral, as an impious deed stinks in the end. THE FORESTS COME TO AN END, that is: o BYBLIS, you FALL DOWN in this 9:649 part of the hill, where 'the forests come to an end'.
OSIRIS, Isis's husband, was killed by his brother Absirtus or Tisiphon. 9:693 Isis, or Jocasta, searched for him for a long time. Finally she found him and wrapped him up in linen cloths and hindered his being dispersed celebrant festum eius in una quoque noua lunatione pro gaudio illius repertionis. Et tunc exit de Nilo quidam taurus, qui lingua Egiptia dicitur APIS, habens in dextro armo maculam admo-/ dum lune  by his brother. Whence they still at every new moon celebrate his feast for the sake of the joy of finding him. And then a bull, which is called apis in the Egyptian tongue, comes from the Nile having on its right shoulder a mark made in the shape of the moon. The bull is then sacrificed, and still the same one, or one similiar to it, comes in the same manner from the Nile every year at every feast, and it is sacrificed in the same manner. And this happens at every feast. In De Civitate Dei St Augustine testifies this about the bull.
Isis is portayed with horns, that is having the horns of the moon. A priestess, who is called BUBASTIS, belongs to her service. And ANUBIS, that is Mercury, who is called thus among the Egyptians, and he is portrayed there with the head of a dog. And APIS and someone who then PRESSES his mouth with his FINGER. All the other priests of Isis are silent when he removes his finger from his mouth. Then he and the others sing. There is also a viper who is said to accompany Isis. And Osiris, who is her husband.
And therefore he is said to NEVER be SOUGHT AFTER ENOUGH, since at every new moon his feast is peformed by Isis, and the attendants perform and imitate the grief they felt when they searched for Osiris. AND NOT THAT NOT, that is 'so that' CRETE MAY NEVERTHELESS BEAR ALL 9:735 MONSTROUS THINGS. Although Crete may bear all monstruos things, still Crete does not bear such a monster. WITH HER ANUBIS, THE BARKER. Mercury is the messenger of the gods 9:690 and he elucidates their sayings, therefore he is called Anubis, that is 'without obscurity'. 30 THE FOREIGN SNAKE, that is the viper is called 'foreign' in relation to the 9:694 Romans, since it is usually found in Africa and neighbouring regions. WITH SLEEP-BRINGING VENOM. He says this because its venom makes one sleep.
AND EVEN NOW NOT ONE PART OF MY PRAYERS. I can fulfil all of my 9:755 prayers, but I cannot fulfil one part of my prayers -namely that I may have her as a wife. If I wish for this part, 'it is nothing', that is it is destroyed.  IN THIS CROWD THE CYPRESS, IMITATING THE GOAL POSTS WAS PRESENT. 10:106 Goal post is the boundary of a thing. And similarly the cypress is the goal post at the end of the human life, since just as cypresses that have at one point been cut off come to life again, so also the dead burned on it as far as this life is concerned. And because of this the cypress is also added to the funerals of the dead, since it is fragrant, so that the smell of the corpses will not affect the bystanders. THE CURVED ARMS OF THE SHORE-DWELLING CRAB WERE HOT. He calls it 10:127 'shore-', since the celestial sign Cancer is portrayed in the manner of a maritime crab.
Caliope was Orpheus's mother and Apollo his father. 10:148 Pleia is a mountain, where the giants fought with the gods. At its foot 10:151 is a town by the same name.
DELPHI LACKED ITS GUARDIAN. The island Delphi was void of the oracle 10:168 responses, since Phoebus was not there, that is in Asia, where Delphi is. WHILE THE GOD VISITS THE EUROTAN river AND UNCHANGED SPARTA. That is to say Phoebus loved Hyacinthus so much that he did not abandon Sparta, where Hyacinthus lived.
IT FELL AGAIN (RECIDIT) TO THE SOLID [GROUND]. Rebefore a consonant, 10:180 if it is lengthened, it can only be by position, such as relique, reccido and also retineo. If it (retineo) were to be lengthened, then there should be two t's there. YOU FALL, O OEBALIDES. Oebalide is a Greek vocative. Oebalida is a 10:196 region next to Lycaonia.
A NEW FLOWER. The flower-into which Hyacinthus was 10:206 transformed-is like a lily and it has a a round shape and divided flowers at the top. In the middle of the flowers it has one single flower, like a little twig, which refers-even if only in our understanding-to all surrounding flowers. Nevertheless thus since in every relation, as it were between two flowers, this flower is understood as the middle one, sic esse habemus. But if the middle flower is understood as turned downwards, then the letter that is called θ, which used to be written on the forehead of the condemned, should be understood, it is also understood as the name of Aiax. 31 THE LEAVES]. Hyacintus was turned into 10:215 such a flower, on which Phoebus displayed his grief, namely 'ai ai'. This sound is a sign of grief. 31 The first part of this explanation is quite obscure. The explanation seems to move betwen a concrete explanation of the flower and an abstract understanding of the same.

HE [INSCRIBED] HIS SIGHS [ON
It is unclear what the phrase sic esse habemus refers to; θ = theta, which stands for thanatos (death). SHE WOULD ASSENT EQUALLY, that is she says that she would have 10:221 brought forth these ones or those ones equally. That is to say she did not want to bring forth these ones or those ones. THE FOREHEAD WAS [ROUGH], WHENCE ALSO. 'Whence', namely from 10:223 those transformed into bulls by Venus. Thereafter they acquired the NAME CERASTAE, since the very same were made men by Venus and later they were transformed into horned snakes, but the book does not tell about this, even though they were transformed into such snakes.
Ceron is Greek, in Latin it is called 'horn'.
BEFORE THEIR GATES. They who had thereafter been transformed into 10:224 bulls, were transformed since they slew their guests.
THEIR BODIES WITH THEIR FORM. These women, the Propoetides, ARE 10:240 SAID TO HAVE PROSTITUTED their bodies with their form, that is they openly assigned their bodies to the work of a prostitute. 'With their form', that is with their beauty, since they denied that Venus was a goddess. And after this, DECENCY, that is reverence, WITHDREW from them AND THE BLOOD OF THEIR FACE HARDENED, namely they had no blush, which is the sign of modesty. After this they were transformed into summit-stones by Venus.
ART IS HIDDEN IN HIS ART, that is in his manufacture. He says art since 10:252 when it seemed to be moving still it did not move. There never existed a tree worth 10:310 such a price that I would like this tree to be among us, so that we would be so disreputable through this tree, as they are, among whom Myrrha committed such a crime and among whom she was turned into a sufficiently precious tree.
THE MISUNDERSTOOD VOICE, that is Cinyras understood that his 10:365 daughter wanted such a man for whom she would not burn more than for him, that is her father, that is to say he thought she wanted to remain chaste.
AND THE FOREBODING body MOURNED, since the mind foreboded its 10:444 future misfortune.
YOU, ICARUS, COVER YOUR FACE FIRST. Bacchus sent wine to the 10:450 Athenian peasants through Icarus the Athenian. And after they had drunk the wine, they threw Icarus into a pit, thinking that they had been drinking poison, or some other bad drink. But his dog, which went with him, returned home and brought Erigone, Icarus's daughter, to the pit. Bacchus sent such a pestilence against the peasants that almost everything died, wherefore the peasants pulled Icarus from the pit, so that they would be freed from the pestilence. And immediately Icarus, his daughter and the dog were transferred onto heaven.
OUR VICTORY WILL BE ATTENDED BY UNBEARABLE HATRED. If I am the 10:628 cause of his death, then my victory will be of a great evil and not bearable. That is to say from such evil I receive such hatred, which I will not be able to bear. 32 However, Manegold says that it is completely fictitious that Hesione was tied up and freed by Hercules and married to Telamon. For according to history, when Hercules, Jason, Telamon and others went for the golden fleece, they came to Troy and wanted to be lodged there. They were turned away by Laomedon and hid in the promontory of Sigeum, from this 'to hide' is called sigere. 34 After they had gathered their strength they conquered Troy on account of this and then Telamon married Hesione. Having done this the Greeks took the road to Colchos as they had set out to do.

WITH [SUPPLIANT] HAND [EXTENDING] THE
VELAMENTUM. An olive 11:279 branch covered with rush, as was the custom, since it was a sign of peace.
BUT REMEMBERING THE WRONGDOING, that is his crime, that is regarding 11:380 the killing of Phocus. Peleus knew that he received this punishment de se Peleo from the nymph Psamathe, who was the mother of Phocus. 35 THE OETAEAN KING COMMANDED. Ceyx is called Oeteus from mount 11:383 Etna, above which his father Lucifer shines greatly.
[MY] GRATITUDE FOR YOUR PROMISE IS GREAT, that is your promise is 11:390 worth as much to me as if you would go to battle [with me].
A PLEASING PLACE FOR TIRED KEELS. At night a fire used to burn at the 11:393 top of a tower or at the highest point of a stronghold, and thus the arriving sailors would know that this place was the harbour and therefore they rejoice just as they have longed for. MEANWHILE ABOUT HIS BROTHER AND ABOUT WHAT FOLLOWED HIS 11:410 BROTHER. Ceyx is disturbed about the PORTENTS about his brother and about the wolf that followed his brother in the sense that it was changed. 34 This word is not supported by any dictionary. It seems to be meant to be a synonym to latere (to hide). In Servius version the place name is said to be derived from the Greek word for silence (sige/σιγη). 35 It is not entirely clear what is meant by de se pe peleo. It might be a prepositional frase meant to modify uindictam, i.e. 'this punishment regarding himself, Peleus' (in which case pe must be deleted).
He asked TO GO TO THE CLARIAN GOD. Claros is an island where Apollo 11:413 is venerated, wherefore he is called 'the Clarian'. BUT THE GODDESS NO FURTHER. Servius says that nobody is allowed to 11:583 sacrifice to the gods for a dead person until the one performing the sacrifice has cleansed himself with some sort of purification. Or differently: according to †theo- †, since it is not fitting to pray to the gods above for the dead, but to the ones below. 36 AND THE GOOSE MORE ACUTE THAN DOGS. Geese sense more quickly 11:599 than other animals if thieves are on their way.
TO HERCULEAN THRACIN COMMAND. Used adverbially and it is the 11:627 name of a city or some place belonging to Ceyx. Aeolus had ALCYONE from one of Hercules' daughters. HIS HAND HAD THE GESTURE OF CEYX. As happens when someone 11:673 moves their hand when speaking.
FOR [SEVEN] PEACEFUL DAYS. These birds are said to build nests, lay 11:745 their eggs and produce their chicks within seven days. And when sailors know they are building their nests, they know they will have a prosperous journey for seven days. women made a sacrifice according to custom to all the gods except for Diana alone, who was enraged and cursed all of them with a goatish stench, so that their husbands could not stand them in any way. After they had discussed this the men set out on a campaign and remained there for two years. The wives, who suspected that the men had taken other wives, conspired to kill the men on the first night of their return and to have the maidens commit the same cruelty against their fathers or brothers. All of them fulfilled this wicked crime without delay, but only Hypsipyle, the daughter of Thoan, king of the Lemnians, feared this crime greatly and spared her father by building a magnificent magnifice rogum, quasi patre occiso. Vnde eius succedit imperio. In alio tamen loco dicitur a mulieribus eiecta fuisse de regno.  [WOUND]. These two sisters died of 13:693 their own free will for the safety of their people, so that, just as in the other case, a black pestilence was sent against the Thebans by Latona and Phoebe. Or there was such a pestilence in Thebes that everyone died. They received an oracle reply that lest these two women died by their own free will, the others could never be freed.
SO FAR ON THE OLD [BRONZE]. Up to this part the stories were inscribed 13:700 on the cup. At its top a flower was pictured. THE TREACHEROUS HARBOURS. On the Strophadian islands there were 13:710 Harpies, whose names were these: Aello, Cellaeno, Ocypete. Aeneas suffered a lot of bad things from them during the delay. They prophesied about a coming famine. AMBRACIA CONTESTED BY THE RITE OF THE GODS. According to this text 13:714 one should say 'by the rite', that is because of the rite of the gods. The custom was that when sailors were crossing the sea they used to sacrifice one of their own there. But any sailor, who was worried about his own safety and feared that he would be sacrificed, fought for his life. Therefore he says 'contested'. Or in a different way CONTESTED BY THE FIGHT OF THE GODS, that is 'of powerful men', namely Augustus Caesar and Antony, since the Actian mountain, where they met, is next to Ambracia.
[THE IMAGE] OF JUDGE ACTIACUS. Actiacus was a judge, whom Apollo 13:715 turned into a stone because of his bad judgment.
THE DODONEAN LAND SOUNDING THROUGH ITS OAK. In the Dodonian 13:716 forest Jupiter gave oracle responses through copper pots. Or according to another story, through pidgeons. AND THE CHAONIAN BAY. Chaon was the brother of Helenus, whom he 13:717 unknowingly killed in a grove, wherefore this grove is called Chaonian; the entire region is also called Chaonia. WHERE THE SONS OF KING MOLOSSOS. Andromache was Hector's wife. 13:717 But Pyrrhus made her his wife when she was captured and begot Molossus from her. This Molossus had sons whom he wanted to burn, but through the pity of the gods they were transformed into birds. EPIRUS RULED BY AN ORACLE, namely Butros. After Pyrrhus, Achilles' 13:720 son, had taken as wife Andromache, Hector's wife, and after the Trojan victory, he took possession of Epirus. After this he married Hermione, Menelaus's daughter, whom Menelaus himself had betrothed to him in Troy and even set the day [for the marriage]. The oracle Helenus dissuaded him in vain, although he (Pyrrhus) had taken him away as a prisoner. Orestes, the son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, who grieved that Hermione, who had been engaged to him by her grandfather Tyndareus, would belong to another †lateris postquam dea aram † wounded Pyrrhus with a poisoned arrow, but Pyrrhus nevertheless returned alive. And there among the other things that he had arranged for the oracle Helenus when he was about to die, since Helenus had faithfully advised him not to go, he gave him Andromache's hand in marriage and that part of the kingdom, which once an oracle named Brutus had possessed. 41 Construe the text thus: EPIRUS IS NOW HELD BY THESE Greeks, ONCE RULED BY THE ORACLE BRUTUS, but then ruled by the PHRYGIAN oracle, that is by Helenus. And the COPIED TROY, which is called Ericon, is held by them. He says 'copied' since Helenus made every building in Egypt in the likeness of the Trojan buildings and he even transferred the names of the rivers from there. When Aeneas arrived he thought that he saw his homeland.
THIS WAY THE TEUCRI APPROACHED, that is the Trojans of Teucer's 13:728 descent. And the Dardanids are named from Dardanus, who was first in Troy and lived there before Teucer. SCYLLA [TROUBLES] THE RIGHT SIDE. According to natural philosophy 13:730 Scylla is nothing else than a rock at the sea-shore against the foot of which the surge strikes hard. From this it was made up that a woman was transformed from the groin down into dogs. Scylla is in Italy, CHARYBDIS in Sicily. The Hydrus is strictly speaking an aquatic snake, but here it is used for 13:804 any kind of snake.  LAESTRYGONIAN LAMUS. 14:233 Laestrygon is an appellative for the people, over whom Lamus once ruled. Later ANTIPHATES, who is said to be his son, ruled over the same people.
[HE COULD] NOT YET HAVE WATCHED SO MANY YEARS, that is Picus 14:324 COULD not have watched, that is to have seen 'so many years' as his image purports him to have, but I could RELATE TO him, that is show or point out FOUR TIMES FIVE YEARS, that is twenty years from the GREEK BATTLE in which the Greeks conquered Troy. THE WOODED POOL OF SCYTHIAN DIANA. As though he said: The pool in 14:331 the Arician grove. In this grove there was an image of Diana that had been brought from king Thoas's province Taurica, which is a region in Scythia. It was placed there by Orestes and his wife. SHE WAS OF RARE BEAUTY, BUT EVEN RARER IN HER SINGING SKILL. As 14:337 though he said: Rarely can one find one so beautiful and most rarely one who sings so well. THE TIBER, which earlier was called Albula, takes its name from 14:426 Tiberinus who was drowned there. THE HOME OF THE DESCENDANT OF FAUNUS. Turnus's aunt Amata was 14:449 Latinus's wife, with whom he had a daughter named Lavinia. Turnus wanted to marry her because of kinship and also with her mother's consent, but her father Latinus knew through an augury that a man from a foreign people would marry Lavinia. In the meantime Aeneas arrived. When he asked for Lavinia's hand in marriage Turnus started a war and through this war he wanted to win her who had been engaged to him. Latinus helped Turnus in this war against Aeneas, and by helping Turnus he neglected an unknown person (Aeneas) for a known. Finally Turnus was killed and Aeneas married Lavinia and attained his father-in-law Latinus's kingdom as a dowry.
ALL OF TYRRHENIA CLASHED WITH LATIUM. Mezentius was an evil 14:452 tyrant in Tyrrhenia, who used to torment his enemies in a disgraceful manner, that is to say he would join a dead man's face to that of a living man and finally he would kill them by joining the other limbs too. Since he had done many bad things to the Tyrrhenians or Tuscans, he was banished from his kingdom by them. He also helped Turnus against Aeneas. And the Tuscans helped Aeneas against Turnus since Turnus had received their enemy.
TO THE CITY OF THE FUGITIVE DIOMEDES. Diomede met Aeneas in single 14:457 combat and wounded him, who was protecting Venus, in his left arm. Enraged by this Venus filled Diomedes' wife with love for another man and made it so that she, shaming Diomedes publicly, married another man, to whom she even gave away Diomedes' fortune as dowry. Relying on these things (the fortune), he chased away Diomedes from his land when he returned from the Trojan war, and he took possession of his children, wife and all the things that had been his. From there Diomedes came to Iapygia, which is the part of Calabria at the far end of Italy, to king Daunus and married his daughter. Apulia or Calabria is called Iapygia from a wind that blows very hard there, which is called Iapis, or from some lord named Iapix. But Iapia is Venice. THE NARYCIAN HERO, that is Ulysses. At the destruction of Troy Oilean 14:468 Ajax slept with Cassandra, daughter of Priam, in the temple of Pallas. She, whom Ulysses snatched away, was also the priestess of Apollo.
AND CAPHEREUS, THE CROWN OF MISFORTUNE. Nauplius, who grieved 14:472 for his son Palamedes who had been unjustly killed by Ulysses and the other Greeks, placed a fire that burned in the night on mount Caphareus, which is surrounded by sand-banks and rocks under the water. When the Greeks returned from Troy they came to this fire believing they came to a harbour, where a fire usually burned at night. And many ships were destroyed there and many men died. And since the corpses remained in the sea, the sea became abundant with storms and again sank many of their ships and men. For the nature of the sea was to rage exceedingly with unappeasable weather, if there were corpses in the sea.
Alcmaeus's [SHIP] CHANGES FROM WOOD INTO STONE. Alcinous, king of 14:565 the Phaeacs, was an allied of the Greeks, and he brought as much evil as he could against the Trojans. And therefore when his ship was transformed into stone, the Naiads, who were created from the Trojan ships, were much delighted. Mulcifer BURNED. Servius says that MULCIBER is Jupiter; Mulcifer is 14:533 Vulcan.
SILENUS, a disciple of Bacchus, seemed to be always young because of 14:639 his excessive drunkeness. AND HE SAID 'YOU ARE SO MUCH MORE POWERFUL'. He says this since the 14:657 more he praised the arts of Pomona and was amazed by her endeavour, the more he could tie her to himself and the more eager he made her. THE IDALIAN. Idala is a forest, in which Venus is worshipped and 14:694 therefore she is called the Idalian. And since this forest abounds in doves the doves are called Idalian. Mars is said to have lain with her and begot Remus and Romulus from her, but she was more probably the priestess of the goddess Vesta. When these boys had grown up they threw out Amulius and reinstated their uncle Numitor to the kingdom. THE CITY'S [WALLS ARE FOUNDED] ON THE PALILIAN FEAST. Pales is the 14:774 goddess of food, at whose feast they began to build Rome.
Pales the goddess of food, at whose feast the walls of the city were built.
TARPEIA WHO REVEALED THE WAY TO THE CITADEL. The daughter Tarpeia 14:776 came to an agreement with the Sabines to open the city gates for them in return for the ornaments worn on their arms. But after they had entered [the city] they stacked so many shields on top of her that she could not survive. The Romans, who were unaware that she had sought golden bracelets, but rather thought that she had suffocated for the sake of the defense [of the city] †non equiuocatam †, made a temple to her on the Capitol. 44 The first king of the Romans was ROMULUS. Palatinus and Aventinus 14:799 and others mentioned above ruled Alba. Numa Pompilius ruled in Rome after Romulus. After him Tullius, after Tullius Tullus, after him Tarquinius.
A BEAUTIFUL FORM ENTERS. As though he said: This Romulus, having 14:827 cast of his mortality, is much more dignified than the Romulus who once dressed in the royal robe and seemed the most dignified.  [VOYAGE]. In 15:13 Apulia next to the †sin † sea Hercules, when returning from Spain, killed a bandit named Lacinius. And therefore these shores are called Lacinian. 46 44 It is unclear what the words non equiuocatam should mean. By their form and position it would seem to be an attribute to eam (i.e. Tarpeia). From the context one would expect maybe non eque ('not justly', i.e. they did not realise that she died justly). 45 I have not been able to find any person to which †Da † might refer. 46 The word †sin † could possibly be the beginning of a name for the sea or maybe for sin<um> (bay) then replaced by pontum (sea AND NOT EVEN THESE WHICH WE CALL THE ELEMENTS PERSIST. The 15:237 philosophers, such as Plato and others, say that these things that we see, that is to say the earth, water and other things, should not strictly speaking be called 'elements', but rather ideas in the mind of God.
Strictly speaking they called elements entes, since they never change.
But here they do not speak about this kind of elements.
AND THE SAME ORDER IS REPEATED, that is just as air and fire sink so 15:249 they later rise.
[THE EARTH] IS FORCED TOGETHER BY THE CROWDED WATER. THE EARTH is 15:251 turned into water, when water is made muddy and disordered from the soil, and just as 'the earth is forced together' in 'the crowded water', that is it is thus retained in a vortex of water. Bacchus went to India and was looking for the sea, Jupiter appeared before him in the shape of a ram. And Bacchus found a spring in the place where Jupiter had appeared, and there he built a temple to his father, in which he is called Ammon. Or he is called 'horned' since Jupiter hid the gods in a ram when Typheus attacked. THE ASTONISHED PROETEANS. The daughters, who in another place are 15:326 called 'the Coean mothers', were drunk at a sacrifice, since after they had received Hercules, who came there from Spain, they cursed Juno who imposed so many labours on this excellent man. Therefore the enraged Juno made it so that they thought that they had horns, because of too much drunkeness. A certain Melampus freed them from this madness through a preparation also contrary to wine. Thereafter he poured these preparations in a spring, wherefore later a nature CONTRARY TO WINE remained in this spring from the herbs put in the preparation.
AND NOT WITH THYESTEAN [COURSES]. Thyestes and Atreus were 15:462 brothers. Atreus had a son from his brother's wife. Therefore the enraged Thyestes cooked the son and gave him to the father, Atreus, to eat. AND DO NOT TRICK TERRIFIED DEER WITH FEATHERS. Hunters placed 15:475 feathers on top of their nets, so that the deer would not be frightened when they saw them, but rather advance with less force, and so they are 'tricked with feathers'. Or the hunters, when they encircle their pasture with their nets, set fire to feathers in those places where there are no nets, so that the approaching deer will smell them and think that there are humans there and then rather come out of the forest through the nets, and thus they trick them.